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! Order
! Order
| [[Malvales]]
| [[Malvales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Tree in a Sudan study; broader habit is not established in the supplied record. <sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
|-
! Native range
! Native range
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| Ripe fruit is reported as edible and used fresh, dried, or powdered into drinks. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
| Ripe fruit is reported as edible and used fresh, dried, or powdered into drinks. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
|-
! Years to fruit
! Growth form
| N/A; a species-specific value is not established.
| Slow-growing deciduous shrub<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; remove adhering fruit flesh before sowing<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|}
|}


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== Description ==
== Description ==


The species is known as small-leaved crossberry, phalsa cherry, white crossberry, raisin bush, gangara, gangu, and kanger, although common-name usage varies by region. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> The reported range extends from the Sahara to Tanzania and includes parts of southern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian subcontinent. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
''Grewia tenax'' is a deciduous shrub of drier African and Asian environments. Growth is usually slow, but young plants can grow faster under favorable conditions. Its habitats include woodland, lava rocks, sandy and lateritic ground, clay-sand depressions and gullies.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
 
A 2025 study of underutilized Malvaceae trees grown in Sudan examined ''G. tenax'' seed oil and seed cake. <sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation ==
Line 44: Line 42:
=== Soil and water ===
=== Soil and water ===


Species-specific soil texture, organic-matter, acidity, drainage, and wetness requirements are not established. Generic recommendations for other ''Grewia'' species should not be treated as requirements for ''G. tenax''.
The species occupies rocky, sandy and clay sites, including depressions that become moist during the rainy season. Established plants are strongly drought-resistant. Habitat-based cultivation inference: allow for establishment irrigation and seasonal wetting rather than treating drought tolerance as a requirement for constant dryness.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


=== Sun and humidity ===
=== Sun and humidity ===


Species-specific light exposure, airflow, and atmospheric-humidity requirements are not established.
Native habitats include woodland as well as rocky and sandy open sites. Habitat-based cultivation inference: a bright growing site is a reasonable starting point, but exposure should reflect the plant’s provenance and establishment stage rather than a fixed humidity target.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


=== Seasonal changes ===
=== Seasonal changes ===


Species-specific flowering and fruiting seasons, dormancy, and seasonal water response are not established.
The natural environment includes very dry sites and soils that become moist in the rainy season. Habitat-based cultivation inference: support active growth when moisture is available and let irrigation respond to seasonal conditions, without imposing an unverified calendar for flowering or dormancy.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


== Propagation ==
== Propagation ==


Species-specific propagation methods, germination timing, and rooting requirements are not established.
Seed germination can be difficult when fruit flesh remains attached. Repeated washing and scrubbing to remove the flesh has produced germination above 75%, with emergence after about 10 days in the reported treatment. These are treatment results, not a guaranteed percentage or timetable for every seed lot.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==
== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==


Flowers are documented for the species. Fruiting timing and the harvest window are not established.
Ripe fruits are orange-red and acid-flavored. They may be eaten fresh or dried for later use.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


== Fruit and uses ==
== Fruit and uses ==


Ripe fruit is reported as edible and locally consumed fresh, dried, or powdered into drinks. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> This use description does not establish cultivar variation, nutritional safety, or a universal recommendation.
The orange-red fruit is eaten fresh or dried. It is also used in grain-based foods, including fermented porridge.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
 
The seed oil and seed cake have been examined in laboratory assays, including fatty-acid and antioxidant-related measurements. These results describe tested seed products and do not establish medical efficacy or general outcomes from eating the fruit. <sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 76: Line 72:
* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grewia_tenax ''Grewia tenax'' — Wikipedia].
* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grewia_tenax ''Grewia tenax'' — Wikipedia].


* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11882478/ Nutraceutical Potential of Oilseeds and By-Products (Cakes) of Three Underutilized Malvaceae Trees Grown in Sudan].
* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Grewia+tenax Ken Fern, Useful Tropical Plants: Grewia tenax]. Accessed 2026-09-20.


== Image credits ==
== Image credits ==


* ''Grewia tenax Bild0687.jpg'' — flower of ''Grewia tenax'' in Oudalan province, Burkina Faso; creator Marco Schmidt; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ CC BY-SA 2.5]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grewia_tenax_Bild0687.jpg Wikimedia Commons file page]. Attribution: Marco Schmidt.
* ''Grewia tenax Bild0687.jpg'' — flower of ''Grewia tenax'' in Oudalan province, Burkina Faso; creator Marco Schmidt; [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ CC BY-SA 2.5]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grewia_tenax_Bild0687.jpg Wikimedia Commons file page]. Attribution: Marco Schmidt.

Latest revision as of 01:35, 21 September 2026

Grewia tenax
Flower of Grewia tenax, Oudalan province, Burkina Faso.
Scientific name Grewia tenax [1]
Common names Small-leaved crossberry; phalsa cherry; white crossberry; raisin bush; gangara; gangu; kanger [2][3]
Genus Grewia
Family Malvaceae
Order Malvales
Native range Sahara to Tanzania, with records in parts of southern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian subcontinent. [3]
Fruit Ripe fruit is reported as edible and used fresh, dried, or powdered into drinks. [3]
Growth form Slow-growing deciduous shrub[4]
Propagation Seed; remove adhering fruit flesh before sowing[4]

Grewia tenax is an accepted species in the family Malvaceae with regionally varied common names. Ripe fruit is reported as edible and locally used fresh, dried, or in drinks. [1][3]

Description[edit | edit source]

Grewia tenax is a deciduous shrub of drier African and Asian environments. Growth is usually slow, but young plants can grow faster under favorable conditions. Its habitats include woodland, lava rocks, sandy and lateritic ground, clay-sand depressions and gullies.[4]

Cultivation[edit | edit source]

Soil and water[edit | edit source]

The species occupies rocky, sandy and clay sites, including depressions that become moist during the rainy season. Established plants are strongly drought-resistant. Habitat-based cultivation inference: allow for establishment irrigation and seasonal wetting rather than treating drought tolerance as a requirement for constant dryness.[4]

Sun and humidity[edit | edit source]

Native habitats include woodland as well as rocky and sandy open sites. Habitat-based cultivation inference: a bright growing site is a reasonable starting point, but exposure should reflect the plant’s provenance and establishment stage rather than a fixed humidity target.[4]

Seasonal changes[edit | edit source]

The natural environment includes very dry sites and soils that become moist in the rainy season. Habitat-based cultivation inference: support active growth when moisture is available and let irrigation respond to seasonal conditions, without imposing an unverified calendar for flowering or dormancy.[4]

Propagation[edit | edit source]

Seed germination can be difficult when fruit flesh remains attached. Repeated washing and scrubbing to remove the flesh has produced germination above 75%, with emergence after about 10 days in the reported treatment. These are treatment results, not a guaranteed percentage or timetable for every seed lot.[4]

Flowering, fruiting, and harvest[edit | edit source]

Ripe fruits are orange-red and acid-flavored. They may be eaten fresh or dried for later use.[4]

Fruit and uses[edit | edit source]

The orange-red fruit is eaten fresh or dried. It is also used in grain-based foods, including fermented porridge.[4]

References[edit | edit source]

Image credits[edit | edit source]