47.214.193.24: Wikifruit: independently reviewed article maintenance

2026-09-30T16:29:32Z

Wikifruit: independently reviewed article maintenance

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{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Sunberry (''Solanum retroflexum'')
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanum retroflexum burbankii wonderberry sunberry.jpg|300px|Unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves of Solanum retroflexum]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''[[Solanum retroflexum]]'' [[#cite_note-1|[1]]] [[#cite_note-2|[2]]]
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]] [[#cite_note-1|[1]]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]] [[#cite_note-1|[1]]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]] [[#cite_note-1|[1]]]
|-
! Habit
| Annual herb, about 60 cm tall [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]
|-
! Fruit
| Deep-blue berries, about 1 cm across, in small bunches [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]
|-
! Propagation
| Seed [[#cite_note-4|[4]]]
|}

''Solanum retroflexum'', commonly called sunberry, is an annual fruiting solanum described as an erect plant about 60 cm tall. Its deep-blue berries are about 1 cm across and develop in small bunches. [[#cite_note-2|[2]]] [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]

== Description ==

The plant is described as an erect annual with small clusters of deep-blue fruit. The available size description is about 60 cm in height; garden performance can vary with climate, sowing date, and crop conditions. [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

Start with fertile, well-drained soil kept evenly moist during active growth. The cultivation guidance covers light, medium, and heavy soils and mildly acid through mildly alkaline conditions, but does not establish a numeric irrigation schedule. [[#cite_note-4|[4]]] [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]

=== Sun and humidity ===

Full sun is the stated cultivation preference. Use an open, well-drained site with enough moisture to prevent prolonged drought during flowering and fruit fill; the available species guidance does not establish a separate humidity threshold. [[#cite_note-3|[3]]] [[#cite_note-4|[4]]]

=== Seasonal changes ===

As an annual, S. retroflexum is normally raised as a seasonal crop rather than managed through a perennial dormancy cycle. In Primorsky Krai, the regional crop schedule used sowing on 18–20 April, transplanting outdoors on 10–12 June at 45 × 50 cm, and harvest in late August and again around 18–22 September. Those dates and the yield of 1000–1200 g/m² recorded across two years of observations are regional results, not a universal calendar or yield expectation. [[#cite_note-5|[5]]]

== Propagation ==

Seed is the practical propagation route described for this species. One approach is spring greenhouse sowing, followed by pricking seedlings into individual pots and planting out after the last expected frosts; another account allows sowing in situ. Neither account establishes a germination percentage or a fixed sowing depth. [[#cite_note-3|[3]]] [[#cite_note-4|[4]]]

Laboratory work has also tested regeneration from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants. Under the reported in-vitro conditions, both explant types regenerated, and a selected Agrobacterium treatment reached 88% transformation efficiency; this is tissue-culture research, not an ordinary home-garden propagation protocol. [[#cite_note-6|[6]]]

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

The plant is described as hermaphroditic, and insect pollination is listed in the cultivation account. In the Primorsky Krai trial, fruit was harvested in one or two passes around late August and 18–22 September, with the timing understood as specific to that regional crop and season. [[#cite_note-4|[4]]] [[#cite_note-3|[3]]] [[#cite_note-5|[5]]]

The same regional abstract describes fruit as non-shattering and non-cracking under heavy late-summer and autumn moisture, with good retention on the plant. The observation is useful for that production setting but should not be treated as a universal storage or weather-resistance trait. [[#cite_note-5|[5]]]

== Fruit and uses ==

The berries are described as deep blue, about 1 cm across, and borne in small bunches. The examined horticultural accounts describe use both raw and cooked, with cooking said to improve the flavor. These descriptions do not constitute a general safety clearance: Solanum alkaloids can be hazardous, so fruit should not be eaten unless the plant identity and species-specific edible-use information are confirmed. [[#cite_note-2|[2]]] [[#cite_note-3|[3]]]

== References ==

* [[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Solanum%20retroflexum GBIF species match API: Solanum retroflexum].

* [[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://www.gbif.org/species/2929146 GBIF species page: Solanum retroflexum].

* [[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Solanum+retroflexum Solanum retroflexum - Useful Tropical Plants].

* [[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+retroflexum Solanum retroflexum Sunberry - Plants For A Future Plant Database].

* [[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://doi.org/10.30906/1999-5636-2021-4-21-24 Ilyushko, Marina V. (2021), Solanum retroflexum in Primorsky Krai, Agrarnaya Rossiya 4:21–24].

* [[#cite_ref-6|↑]] '''[6]''' [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-026-10687-w Thakur, Julie; Martínez-López, Marina; Van Eck, Joyce (2026), Development of plant regeneration and stable Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation methods for Solanum retroflexum Dunal].

== Image credits ==

* ''Solanum retroflexum burbankii wonderberry sunberry.jpg'': unripe fruit, flowers, and leaves of Solanum retroflexum; Nootropical; CC BY 3.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_retroflexum_burbankii_wonderberry_sunberry.jpg Wikimedia Commons file page].

[[Category:Fruit plants]]
[[Category:Solanaceae]]

Solanum retroflexum - Revision history

47.214.193.24: Wikifruit: independently reviewed article maintenance