Editing Rubus phoenicolasius

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Wineberry (''Rubus phoenicolasius'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Rubus phoenicolasius''
|-
! Common names
| Wineberry, Japanese wineberry, wine raspberry
|-
! Genus
| [[Rubus|''Rubus'']]
|-
! Family
| [[Rosaceae|Rosaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Rosales|Rosales]]
|-
! Habit
| Deciduous, thicket-forming shrub with biennial canes
|-
! Fruit
| Red raspberry-like berries, sweet-tart and juicy
|}

''Rubus phoenicolasius'' is the accepted name for wineberry, a deciduous bramble native to China, Japan, and Korea. <sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> It produces raspberry-like fruit that is juicy and sweet-tart, but generally smaller and more heavily seeded than traditional raspberry. <sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The plant loses its leaves in the cool season and bears on a warm-season schedule. Its long canes can form dense stands, while perennial roots and rhizomes allow the plant to persist after individual canes finish their two-year cycle. <sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Description ==

Wineberry is a perennial shrub with biennial canes and a spreading habit. Mature plants may reach about 9 feet (2.7 m), and the canes can create a dense thicket. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Perennial roots or rhizomes support the stand, and cane tips can root when they contact suitable ground. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is a raspberry-like aggregate berry. It is edible when ripe and is described as juicy, sweet-tart, and more seeded than a conventional raspberry. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

Use moist but well-drained ground. Sand, loam, or clay can be suitable when excess water can drain rather than remain around the roots. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Because rhizomes and tip-rooting can expand a planting, establish it where the margins can be inspected and maintained. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Full sun or partial shade fits the documented light range. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> In partial shade, leave enough room for the arching canes to be reached and harvested; a dense stand is difficult to manage and can extend by rooted cane tips. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

The plant is deciduous, so winter leaf loss is part of its normal seasonal rhythm. Flowering and fruiting dates vary with region: late May to early June flowering and late June to August fruiting are recorded for Maryland, while late-summer to early-autumn ripening is given for North Carolina. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Irrigation should support the moist-soil preference during active growth, while drainage remains important whenever seasonal rainfall is high.

The rhizomatous, thicket-forming habit deserves attention in cultivation. Wineberry is considered weedy or invasive in parts of North America, but that status is jurisdiction-specific; keep the planting within its intended boundary and check local rules before establishing it. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed has dormancy. A secondary synthesis describes scarification followed by 3–4 months of cold treatment at 2–5 °C, but that schedule is best treated as a qualified starting point rather than a fixed species protocol because the underlying experimental details were not independently retrieved. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Division and stem cuttings are listed propagation methods. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Tip-rooting is also part of the plant's natural spread, so a cane that contacts moist soil may establish a new rooted section. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

The flowers are hermaphroditic and insect-pollinated. A Maryland field study summarized in the FEIS account found the species self-compatible, so a second plant is not established as a universal requirement for fruit set. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Harvest timing is regional rather than fixed. Fruit ripens over late summer into early autumn in the North Carolina profile, while the Maryland record places fruiting from late June through August. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

Ripe wineberries are edible and have a juicy, sweet-tart, raspberry-like flavor. They are generally smaller and more seeded than traditional raspberries. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> These fruit-use and quality observations do not establish a separate food-safety or toxicity conclusion.

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Rubus%20phoenicolasius GBIF species match: ''Rubus phoenicolasius''].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rubus-phoenicolasius/ ''Rubus phoenicolasius'' (Wine raspberry), North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/rubpho/all.html ''Rubus phoenicolasius'', Fire Effects Information System, USDA Forest Service].