Editing Oncoba spinosa

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Snuff-box tree (''Oncoba spinosa'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Fried-egg Flower (Oncoba spinosa) fruit (11533770964).jpg|300px|Oncoba spinosa fruit]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Oncoba spinosa''
|-
! Genus
| [[Oncoba]]
|-
! Family
| [[Salicaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Spiny shrub or small tree
|-
! Mature size
| Usually up to 5 m; sometimes 8 m
|-
! Flowering
| September–January in the South African account
|-
! Fruit
| Rounded, hard-shelled fruit up to 60 mm
|}

''Oncoba spinosa'' is a spiny African shrub or small tree also called snuff-box tree and snuifkalbassie. The accepted name is placed in the family [[Salicaceae]], and the GBIF species match gives an exact accepted match for the binomial.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> The species is also listed in the Kew Plants of the World Online taxon record.<sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is usually a shrub or small tree to about 5 m, with occasional trees reaching 8 m. Its glossy, leathery leaves are carried on branches armed with straight spines up to about 50 mm long. Fragrant white flowers are about 90 mm across and have yellow stamens; the flowers are bisexual. Rounded fruits develop a hard shell and can reach about 60 mm across. At maturity the shell darkens to reddish brown, while the shiny brown seeds are set in dry, sour, yellowish pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

Use a sandy or loamy, acid-to-neutral growing medium, with enough structure for the hard-shelled seed and young roots to remain evenly supported. For establishment from seed, press fresh seed flush with the surface of moist river sand. Keep the propagation medium moist while the seed establishes; early growth is slow, so avoid disturbing young seedlings unnecessarily.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Use full sun. Give a young plant strong light and room for its spiny branches, while keeping the growing medium free-draining rather than persistently saturated. In humid climates, airflow around the foliage is a sensible cultivation precaution rather than a species-specific tolerance limit.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

In South Africa, flowering is recorded from September through January and fruit is found from April through July.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Treat those months as a climate-linked reference rather than a fixed calendar for other regions. During the first establishment phase, keep moisture consistent; once the plant is growing strongly, adjust irrigation to the local wet and dry cycle while maintaining drainage. Growth is initially slow, then accelerates after roughly 9–12 months. Rates given for South African sites reach up to 500 mm per year in Highveld conditions and up to 1 m in higher-rainfall areas; those figures should not be treated as a universal growth rate.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the recorded propagation route. Press the seed flush into moist river sand rather than burying it deeply. Early growth is slow, then more vigorous after approximately 9–12 months. Growth in South African settings reaches up to 500 mm per year in Highveld conditions and up to 1 m in higher-rainfall areas; these are site-specific horticultural observations, not a guaranteed schedule for other climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

The large, fragrant, bisexual flowers are followed by rounded fruits with a hard shell. The South African seasonal account places flowering in September–January and fruit presence in April–July. A darkening shell is a useful visual cue as fruit develops toward reddish brown, but fruit maturity can vary between trees and climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Bisexual flowers are present, but that description alone does not establish self-compatibility or a pollination requirement.

A dated photograph from the University of Auckland shows one fruiting tree carrying both green and very ripe fruits at the same time. That single-tree observation supports staggered stages on that specimen, not a universal ripening rule.

== Fruit and uses ==

The pulp is described as edible but sour and seldom used. The hard shell has traditional craft uses including snuff boxes and rattles.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> The examined laboratory studies concern leaf extracts and isolated compounds: one measured antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, while another examined flacourtin and preliminary brine-shrimp lethality. Those leaf-extract assays do not establish the safety, medicinal value, or therapeutic effect of eating the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5">[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

== Photos ==

[[File:Oncoba spinosa, showing fruit and foliage.jpg|320px|Fruiting Oncoba spinosa showing fruit and foliage]]

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Oncoba%20spinosa GBIF species match: Oncoba spinosa].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Oncoba%20spinosa Plants of the World Online: Oncoba spinosa].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://pza.sanbi.org/oncoba-spinosa PlantZAfrica: Oncoba spinosa]. South African National Biodiversity Institute.

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0660-1 Djouossi et al. 2015, Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the leaves of Oncoba spinosa Forssk.]. ''BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' 15:134.

* <span id="cite_note-5"></span>[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040031 Balogun, Ajayi and Lawal 2016, Isolation and Cytotoxic Investigation of Flacourtin from Oncoba spinosa]. ''Medicines'' 3(4):31.

== Image credits ==

* ''Oncoba spinosa'' fruit: Bernard DUPONT from France, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fried-egg_Flower_(Oncoba_spinosa)_fruit_(11533770964).jpg CC BY-SA 2.0], Wikimedia Commons.

* Fruiting ''Oncoba spinosa'' showing fruit and foliage: Richard Wilde from Auckland, New Zealand, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oncoba_spinosa,_showing_fruit_and_foliage.jpg CC BY 2.0], Wikimedia Commons.

[[Category:Fruit plants]]
[[Category:Salicaceae]]