Editing Kigelia africana

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Sausage tree (''Kigelia africana'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kigelia africana''
|-
! Common names
| Sausage tree
|-
! Family
| [[Bignoniaceae]]
|-
! Genus
| [[Kigelia]]
|-
! Order
| [[Lamiales]]
|-
! Native range
| Tropical and southern Africa
|-
! Fruit
| Large, woody, indehiscent berry with many seeds
|-
! Flowering
| Evening-opening flowers, each lasting one night
|}

''Kigelia africana'' is a large African tree commonly called the sausage tree. GBIF accepts the name at species rank, and the current Kew treatment places it in tropical and southern Africa and the seasonally dry tropical biome.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The tree develops a very large, tough, woody fruit. Kew's general information record lists the common name sausage tree and records food and poisons as use categories; those categories do not by themselves establish that the raw fruit is safe.<sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> The documented fruit is an indehiscent berry reported at up to 100 cm long and 18 cm wide, with a mass of up to 12 kg; its many seeds are embedded in fibrous pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> The size and weight of mature fruit make strong branches and clearance from paths, roofs and vehicles important siting considerations.

Kigelia africana occurs in habitats including watercourses, riverine fringes, alluvial woodland, open woodland, high-rainfall savanna, shrubland and rainforest. Recorded soils include loamy red clay that may be rocky, damp or peaty, and the species occurs from near sea level to about 3000 m in the summarized African range.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> These records describe a broad ecological range rather than a single soil recipe or a universal cold limit.

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

A site for Kigelia africana should combine dependable moisture with drainage. Its documented settings include watercourses and alluvial ground as well as open woodland and seasonally dry tropical habitats, and the recorded soils range from loamy red clay to rocky, damp or peaty ground.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> In cultivation, place it where irrigation can maintain growth through the dry season without leaving the root zone permanently stagnant. Allow ample root room and keep heavy fruit-bearing limbs clear of structures.

=== Sun and humidity ===

The species is associated with seasonally dry tropical conditions but also occurs in wetter forest and high-rainfall settings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> This range supports matching exposure and irrigation to provenance rather than assuming that one humidity or shade regime applies everywhere. Open sites should have room for the mature tree and good airflow; a dry-season irrigation plan is especially relevant where rainfall is strongly seasonal.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The flowers open in the evening and last for one night. Fruits can remain on the tree for as long as six months, although that hanging period should not be treated as a universal ripeness or food-safety test.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> In cultivation, maintain moisture during the dry part of the native seasonal cycle and reduce irrigation only when the tree and soil remain adequately supplied; no species-specific irrigation calendar or dormancy schedule is established by these records.

== Propagation ==

Seed is the principal documented propagation route. PROTA describes sowing in moist sand, reports germination beginning in 10–25 days, and states that hot-water soaking is not essential; dry seed is described as having orthodox storage behaviour.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> Cuttings are described as having low success in the same account, so seed is the more defensible starting method for a new plant.

A July 2020 propagation post by Jibril enterprise, associated with Pankrono estate in Kumasi, Ghana, described sowing untreated seed about 3/4 inch deep in well-draining potting mix at approximately 70–73 °F, with germination in 2–4 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-6">[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup> This is a single commercial-context observation with no stated seed provenance or independent replication; it is useful as a bounded comparison with the institutional 10–25-day account, not as a guaranteed schedule.

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

Flowers open in the evening for one night. Bats have been suggested as important pollinators, but a field study in southern Kruger National Park found mainly diverse facultatively nectarivorous birds visiting flowers there. The same study characterized the species as an obligate out-crosser and found depressed seed output in trees isolated by more than 50 m; these results are geographically specific and do not establish one pollination pattern for every planting.<sup id="cite_ref-5">[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

Fruit set was high in the Kruger study, while seedlings placed in field plots experienced more than 50% mortality compared with 17.5% in controls over two months, attributed to herbivory.<sup>[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup> The accessible study route does not expose the full methods and tables, so those figures should not be converted into a general establishment or yield expectation. The fruit may hang on the tree for up to six months, but a species-specific harvest color, texture or ripeness test is not supplied here.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The fruit is a very large woody berry with fibrous pulp and many hard seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> The documented ethnobotanical account describes the pulp as inedible and toxic and associates it with blistering; raw fruit should therefore not be presented as edible. The same account records roasted seeds being eaten in famine contexts, but that observation is not a general safety evaluation or a recommendation for home preparation.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Kigelia%20africana GBIF species match: Kigelia africana].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:109874-1 Kigelia africana — Plants of the World Online].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:109874-1/general-information Kigelia africana — Plants of the World Online, General information].

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://prota.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Kigelia+africana Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. — PROTA4U record].

* <span id="cite_note-5"></span>[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/view/1512 Reproductive biology of the sausage tree (Kigelia africana) in Kruger National Park, South Africa]. Koedoe 61(1), article 1512 (2019), DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v61i1.1512.

* <span id="cite_note-6"></span>[[#cite_ref-6|↑]] '''[6]''' [https://www.tropicalfruitforum.com/index.php?msg=395956 Jibril enterprise, “Sausage tree (Kigelia africana) for sale,” Tropical Fruit Forum, 24 July 2020].