Editing Garcinia gardneriana

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Bacupari (''Garcinia gardneriana'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Garcinia gardneriana''
|-
! Genus
| [[Garcinia]]
|-
! Family
| [[Clusiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth habit
| Evergreen tree, typically 5–10 m in the practical horticultural accounts<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Native range
| Southern tropical America; Kew's detailed distribution includes Colombia<sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
|-
! Fruit
| Yellowish-orange spherical berry with white edible pulp<sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|}

''Garcinia gardneriana'', commonly called bacupari, is an evergreen tree with a native-range summary of southern tropical America; Kew's detailed distribution includes Colombia. Specialist accounts associate it with wet tropical forest, gallery forest, and riparian settings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> Its rounded fruit has smooth, coriaceous skin and sweet white pulp. The accepted name is ''Garcinia gardneriana''; ''Rheedia gardneriana'' and other ''Rheedia'' names occur as synonyms in taxonomic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

Commercial fruit sold as achacha or achachairu should not be assumed to be this species without checking the plant's identity. Those names have been applied to material involved in an ongoing identification mix-up, and a forum discussion of the problem is useful only as contextual grower evidence rather than taxonomic authority.<sup id="cite_ref-5">[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The tree is evergreen and is described at about 5–10 m in height in a specialist tropical-plant account. Kew's broad native-range summary is southern tropical America, with Colombia included in its detailed distribution record; the specialist account describes rainforest and gallery-forest settings. A Paraná River floodplain study examined five plants on Aurélio Island and documented flowers, developing fruit, and mature fruit in that local population.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6">[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

A warm, moisture-retentive soil with good drainage is a sensible starting point for bacupari: its natural settings include rainforest, gallery forest, and a river floodplain rather than dry woodland. The practical account describes tolerance of periodic inundation, but that observation should not be converted into a recommendation for permanently waterlogged soil. Maintain organic matter and steady moisture while allowing excess water to drain, especially in containers.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7">[[#cite_note-7|[7]]]</sup>

The species establishes slowly in the practical horticultural account. Avoid repeated root disturbance while the tree is settling, and give a newly planted specimen a stable moisture supply rather than alternating severe drying and saturation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8">[[#cite_note-8|[8]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Protect young plants with shade during establishment. Once established, move toward bright light or sun where the root zone can remain moist: practical accounts associate sunny positions with earlier or heavier fruiting, while also describing shade for seedlings. A warm, humid site with some airflow is more consistent with the species' wet-tropical forest and gallery-forest associations than a dry exposed position.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-7|[7]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-8|[8]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

Flowering and fruiting are seasonal in the Paraná floodplain population studied: flowering occurred from August through January and fruiting from November through February. These months describe that southern-Brazil population, not a universal calendar for every climate. In cultivation, keep moisture and humidity more consistent through warm active growth and adjust protection and irrigation to the local cool or dry season rather than copying those months unchanged.<sup>[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the most clearly supported propagation route. In a controlled seed-physiology study, decoated seeds reached 95% final germination under the reported test conditions. Drying reduced performance: desiccation to 0.67 g water per gram dry weight reduced germination to 43%, while stronger drying below 0.25 g/g was lethal in the tested material. Storage for 90 days at 25 °C reduced germination to 41%, and storage for 90 days at 5 °C was lethal in that experiment. Keep seed fresh and avoid treating it like orthodox, dry-storable seed; these values came from one collection population and controlled laboratory tests.<sup id="cite_ref-9">[[#cite_note-9|[9]]]</sup>

A specialist practical account recommends sowing ripe seed promptly in shade and reports sprouting in roughly 60–80 days with more than 80% germination. That timing and percentage are secondary horticultural guidance rather than a replacement for the controlled seed study, so fresh sowing is the more dependable part of the recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Cuttings are not yet a dependable alternative protocol. A university thesis abstract describes approximately 12 cm etiolated cuttings treated for 10 seconds with 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/L IBA in autumn–winter experiments; rooting was only 2.5% at 500 and 1,000 mg/L. The authors recommended repeating the work in warmer, more humid spring–summer conditions. Because the examined record exposes only an abstract, these results should not be read as a universal optimum or complete nursery recipe.<sup id="cite_ref-10">[[#cite_note-10|[10]]]</sup>

A specialist grower account also describes low success with cuttings and air layers and difficulty with grafting. Those practical observations support caution when choosing vegetative propagation, but they do not establish a standardized grafting protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-11">[[#cite_note-11|[11]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

In the Paraná River floodplain study, flowering occurred from August to January and fruiting from November to February. The authors examined fruit development from ovaries through maturity on five plants, so the timing is best treated as a population-specific seasonal reference.<sup>[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup>

The fruit is a spherical berry with smooth, coriaceous skin that becomes yellowish-orange. Mature fruit contains white, sweet pulp around the seeds. A specialist account gives a fruit diameter of about 5 cm, while another horticultural account describes ripening at about four to five months after fruit set; both are useful qualified horticultural values rather than fixed limits for every tree.<sup id="cite_ref-12">[[#cite_note-12|[12]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13">[[#cite_note-13|[13]]]</sup>

Flowers may be perfect or male in the horticultural account, and insect pollination is described in a specialist grower reference. The available material does not establish a universal pollination partner or a controlled pollination requirement, so trees should be observed through flowering before assuming that one tree will set a full crop.<sup>[[#cite_note-7|[7]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-11|[11]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The white pulp is eaten fresh and is also used in juices and sweets. The Paraná fruit study describes it as sweet and edible; a food-composition study of ripe fruit from Aurora do Tocantins found high water activity and processed the pulp under frozen storage at −18 °C for laboratory analysis. Those handling conditions support prompt use or cool storage of ripe pulp, but they do not establish a universal household storage duration.<sup>[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14">[[#cite_note-14|[14]]]</sup>

Pulp commonly clings to one seed and sometimes to two in the horticultural account, so the eating experience can be seed-involved rather than seedless. A specialist grower account also mentions fruit fly as a practical production problem; monitor local fruit-fly pressure during ripening rather than treating that observation as a guaranteed pest of every planting.<sup>[[#cite_note-7|[7]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-11|[11]]]</sup>

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Garcinia+gardneriana Garcinia gardneriana - Useful Tropical Plants].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972610-1/general-information Garcinia gardneriana | Plants of the World Online].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062011000100007 Fruit ontogeny of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae)].

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:429177-1 Rheedia gardneriana | Plants of the World Online].

* <span id="cite_note-5"></span>[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://tropicalfruitforum.com/?topic=11629.25 Achachairu fruits for first time].

* <span id="cite_note-6"></span>[[#cite_ref-6|↑]] '''[6]''' [https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062011000100007 Fruit ontogeny of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae)].

* <span id="cite_note-7"></span>[[#cite_ref-7|↑]] '''[7]''' [https://www.iplantz.com/plant/755/garcinia-gardneriana Garcinia gardneriana | IPlantz].

* <span id="cite_note-8"></span>[[#cite_ref-8|↑]] '''[8]''' [https://rarefruitclub.au/wp/fruit-trees/garcinia-gardneriana/ Garcinia gardneriana - Rare Fruit Club WA].

* <span id="cite_note-9"></span>[[#cite_ref-9|↑]] '''[9]''' [https://scielo.br/j/jss/a/LqdWPKg4K5RnpwsFk3dmZmj?lang=en Physiological performance of Garcinia gardneriana: a species with recalcitrant and dormant seeds].

* <span id="cite_note-10"></span>[[#cite_ref-10|↑]] '''[10]''' [https://repositorio.unesp.br/entities/publication/9d1786cc-2681-485f-a276-470591f3dd43 Propagação assexuada de fruteiras da família Clusiacea: bacuparizeiro (Garcinia gardneriana)].

* <span id="cite_note-11"></span>[[#cite_ref-11|↑]] '''[11]''' [https://rarefruitclub.au/wp/fruit-trees/garcinia-gardneriana/ Garcinia gardneriana - Rare Fruit Club WA].

* <span id="cite_note-12"></span>[[#cite_ref-12|↑]] '''[12]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Garcinia+gardneriana Garcinia gardneriana - Useful Tropical Plants].

* <span id="cite_note-13"></span>[[#cite_ref-13|↑]] '''[13]''' [https://www.iplantz.com/plant/755/garcinia-gardneriana Garcinia gardneriana | IPlantz].

* <span id="cite_note-14"></span>[[#cite_ref-14|↑]] '''[14]''' [https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05145-1 Exploration of the chemical characteristics and bioactive and antioxidant potential of bacupari].

[[Category:Garcinia]]
[[Category:Clusiaceae]]