Editing Celtis occidentalis

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Common hackberry (''Celtis occidentalis'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Celtis occidentalis'' <sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Common names
| Common hackberry, hackberry, nettletree, beaverwood, northern hackberry
|-
! Genus
| [[Celtis]]
|-
! Family
| [[Cannabaceae]] <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Order
| [[Rosales]] <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Native range
| Central and eastern Canada to the west-central and eastern United States <sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
|-
! Habit
| Deciduous temperate tree with deep, widespreading roots <sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
! Fruit use
| Thin-fleshed sweet drupe, eaten fresh or used in jellies and preserves <sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|}

'''Celtis occidentalis''', commonly called common hackberry or northern hackberry, is a deciduous temperate tree native to central and eastern Canada and much of the eastern and west-central United States. It is a broadly adaptable landscape and fruiting tree, but its small drupes contain only a thin layer of flesh around a hard stone. <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Description ==

Common hackberry occurs in bottomland and riparian forests, stream valleys, rocky hillsides, limestone outcrops and sand barrens. The species therefore occupies both moist low ground and relatively dry, exposed mineral sites. Its roots are described as deep and widespreading, an important consideration when choosing a permanent planting position. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The tree is variable in form across its range and is easily confused with other hackberries, including ''Celtis laevigata'' and ''Celtis tenuifolia''. Identification should be based on the whole plant rather than on the common name alone. <sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5">[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

Choose deep soil with reliable drainage, adding organic matter where the native soil is unusually poor or compacted. In nature, common hackberry grows in moist bottomlands as well as on limestone, rocky slopes and sandy sites; cultivated guidance favors moist, amended, well-drained soil and notes tolerance of varied soils. Keep young trees supplied with moisture while they establish, but do not treat the deep root zone as a permanently waterlogged bed. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

The deep, widespreading root system suits a permanent in-ground planting better than a confined container. Give roots room to explore and avoid placing the tree where mature roots will be forced into a narrow, frequently disturbed bed. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

The species is recorded from full sun to near-complete shade. For a cultivated tree intended to flower and carry fruit, begin with full sun or partial shade and good air movement, while recognizing that shade tolerance does not guarantee the same fruiting performance as an open position. The broad habitat range indicates flexibility, not a fixed light or humidity requirement. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

Common hackberry is deciduous in its temperate native range. Regional field observations place flowering in March and April, while the drupes mature in fall. Maintain steady moisture during establishment through the active growing season, then adjust irrigation to rainfall and soil drainage as the tree enters the cooler dormant period rather than following a fixed calendar schedule. <sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

Some shelterbelt plantings in the Northern Great Plains suffered frost and winterkill under particular conditions. That observation documents site-dependent exposure risk; it is not a universal hardiness threshold for the species. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed is a documented propagation route. A germination study cited in the FEIS treatment recorded 72% germination from ripe seed sown in October and 90% from dry seed stored outdoors or indoors until March. Those figures belong to the reported study conditions and should not be treated as a guaranteed result for every seed lot. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Common hackberry can also regenerate from sprouts after top-kill. Sprouting demonstrates vegetative recovery after damage in the field; it does not by itself establish a routine nursery propagation method or a predictable clonal production schedule. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

Flowers are recorded in March and April. The fruit is a small drupe, about 8–10 mm long in one regional botanical description, with a dark brownish-purple exterior, a thin fleshy layer and a stony endocarp. Other descriptions give the mature fruit as deep purple and less than 1 inch across. <sup>[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

The drupes mature in fall. Because the flesh is thin and the stone is hard, harvest is primarily a matter of collecting fully colored ripe fruit rather than expecting a large, soft-fleshed berry. Fruit production and harvest timing can shift with tree age and local season; use local phenology rather than a fixed calendar when planning harvest. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The fleshy part of the drupe is described as sweet and edible. It may be eaten raw or used in jellies and preserves, but the edible portion is thin relative to the hard stone. These are documented food-use descriptions, not a general safety determination for an unknown plant or every preparation. Confirm the identity before tasting fruit from an unfamiliar tree. <sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2984481 GBIF species record: ''Celtis occidentalis''].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301424-2 ''Celtis occidentalis'' | Plants of the World Online].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/celocc/all.html ''Celtis occidentalis'' | Fire Effects Information System, USDA Forest Service].

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/celtis-occidentalis/ ''Celtis occidentalis'' | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox].

* <span id="cite_note-5"></span>[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://www.missouriplants.com/Celtis_occidentalis_page.html Northern Hackberry | Missouri Plants].

[[Category:Celtis]]
[[Category:Cannabaceae]]