Editing Boscia senegalensis

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Anza (''Boscia senegalensis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Boscia_senegalensis_bush.jpg|280px|Boscia senegalensis bush near Belbedji, Zinder Region, Niger]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Boscia senegalensis''
|-
! Common names
| Anza
|-
! Genus
| [[Boscia]]
|-
! Family
| [[Capparaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Brassicales]]
|-
! Growth habit
| Evergreen shrub or undershrub
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow spherical berry, about 1.2–1.5 cm across, with jelly-like pulp
|}

''Boscia senegalensis'', commonly called anza, is an evergreen fruiting shrub in the caper family, Capparaceae. GBIF returns the name as an accepted species-level match.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> It is associated with open, dry-country vegetation and produces yellow berries that are gathered for food in parts of the Sahelo-Saharan region.<sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

Boscia senegalensis is usually a 1–2 m shrub or undershrub, although individuals can reach about 4 m. The leaves are leathery and the flowers are greenish white. Its spherical berries are generally yellow at maturity, about 1.2–1.5 cm across, and contain jelly-like pulp; one or two flattened seeds are usual, with larger counts occasionally recorded.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The species occurs in open scrub, savanna woodland and dry forest, including rocky, lateritic, clay-stony and stabilized-sand settings. The compiled ecological account gives a reported annual-rainfall range of 100–500 mm and mean annual temperatures of 22–30 °C; these figures describe recorded environments rather than fixed cultivation limits.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

A cultivation starting point inferred from the species' recorded sites is a sharply draining mineral soil or gritty mix that does not remain saturated after irrigation. Rocky, lateritic, clay-stony and stabilized-sand habitats are all represented in the species account, so a single soil texture or pH target should not be assumed.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Match watering to the container or site's drainage and to local rainfall rather than treating the reported 100–500 mm habitat range as a universal irrigation schedule.

The dry-country setting supports cautious watering while an established plant is inactive, with closer attention during establishment and the transition into fruit ripening. This is an ecological cultivation inference, not a tested species-specific irrigation prescription.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Open scrub and savanna woodland indicate that bright exposure is a reasonable cultivation starting point, while dry-forest records leave room for some filtered cover. Provide strong light and airflow, and acclimate a container plant gradually if it was raised under shade. A species-specific humidity threshold and universal full-sun tolerance are not established, so avoid treating either as a fixed limit.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

Flowering is reported mainly in the cool dry season, generally October–January, while fruit ripens at the beginning of the rains. In cultivation, that seasonal sequence is a useful guide for watching flower development and then increasing attention to water as fruit begins to mature, but local timing will shift with climate.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> The species is described as evergreen rather than as a plant with a predictable winter dormancy.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

The fruit normally contains one or two flattened seeds, occasionally more, and the reported seed quantity is about 2,500–3,500 seeds per kilogram.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Those figures describe seed abundance, not germination percentage or a reliable sowing schedule. Seed propagation is therefore the documented starting route, but storage, pretreatment, germination temperature and emergence time should not be assumed from the seed count alone.

No grafting, cutting or rootstock method is established for this species. Any vegetative-propagation procedure should be treated as an untested trial rather than transferred from another ''Boscia'' or from a different caper-family fruit.

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

[[File:Boscia_senegalensis_-_Flower.JPG|280px|Boscia senegalensis flower in Zinder Region, Niger]]

The main flowering period is reported as the cool dry season, generally October–January, and the berries ripen as the rains begin. These are regional phenological markers, not a calendar that can be applied unchanged to every garden.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Watch the berries themselves as they turn yellow and develop their characteristic soft, jelly-like pulp rather than harvesting by month alone.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Boscia_senegalensis fruits.jpg|280px|Boscia senegalensis fruits and leaves near Belbedji, Zinder Region, Niger]]

The yellow berries are gathered and sold for human food in parts of the Sahelo-Saharan region. They are usually soaked in water for about a week before use because the fresh fruit is described as very acidic; the seeds are also recorded as food.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Becker's study of indigenous plants used for human nutrition in the Ferlo of northern Senegal places B. senegalensis within a seasonal local food system, without establishing species-specific preparation quantities or safety conclusions.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Soaking is a traditional preparation description, not a blanket safety assurance for every plant part or preparation. The useful fruit description is therefore limited to the documented human-food context, with the berries' strong acidity and jelly-like pulp treated as practical characteristics rather than as a promise of palatability in every population.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Photos ==

[[File:Boscia senegalensis MS 2378.jpg|280px|Boscia senegalensis fruit in northwestern Burkina Faso]]

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Boscia%20senegalensis GBIF species match: Boscia senegalensis].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Boscia_senegalensis.PDF Orwa, Mutua, Kindt, Jamnadass & Simons, ''Boscia senegalensis'', Agroforestree Database 4.0 species account (2009)].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00130611 Becker, “The contribution of wild plants to human nutrition in the Ferlo (Northern Senegal),” ''Agroforestry Systems'' 1 (1983): 257–267, DOI 10.1007/BF00130611].

== Image credits ==

* Boscia_senegalensis_bush.jpg — photograph by ChriKo; CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boscia_senegalensis_bush.jpg file page].

* Boscia_senegalensis_-_Flower.JPG — photograph by Paul van Dam; CC BY-SA 3.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boscia_senegalensis_-_Flower.JPG file page].

* Boscia senegalensis fruits.jpg — photograph by ChriKo; CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boscia_senegalensis_fruits.jpg file page].

* Boscia senegalensis MS 2378.jpg — photograph by Marco Schmidt; CC BY-SA 3.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boscia_senegalensis_MS_2378.jpg file page].

[[Category:Fruit plants]]
[[Category:Boscia]]