Editing Borassus aethiopum

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Borassus aethiopum 2.jpg|300px|Borassus aethiopum in a palm stand in Togo]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Borassus aethiopum'' <sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Common names
| African fan palm; African palmyra palm; deleb palm; ron palm; rônier palm <sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
! Family
| [[Arecaceae]] <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Genus
| [[Borassus]] <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Order
| [[Arecales]] <sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
|-
! Native range
| Tropical Africa, with populations in northwestern Madagascar and the Comoros <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
! Habit
| Solitary fan palm, commonly 20–30 m tall, with leaves up to about 4 m long and 3 m across <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to brown fruit containing one to three seeds <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|}

''Borassus aethiopum'' is a massive, solitary African fan palm known as the African fan palm, African palmyra palm, deleb palm, ron palm, or rônier palm. It occurs from Senegal and Ethiopia southward to northern South Africa, with additional populations in northwestern Madagascar and the Comoros. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The trunk supports a crown of very large fan leaves; the leaf stalks have spiny margins. Mature palms are commonly 20–30 m, while individual leaves can reach about 4 m in length and 3 m across. The species is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. It is slow-growing and long-lived, with a lifespan reported at more than 100 years. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==

=== Soil and water ===

In its native range, Borassus aethiopum grows on riverine flats, coastal plains, forest margins, and seasonally flooded or groundwater-supported savanna. Establish it in a hot tropical climate, in full sun and a deep, well-drained sandy or alluvial soil. A soil reaction around pH 5.5–7 is reported as suitable. The palm is described as drought tolerant after establishment, but its wetland and groundwater-associated habitats indicate that dependable moisture during establishment is important. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Full sun suits this open-habitat palm. Best growth is reported at daytime temperatures of about 20–35 °C, with a broader tolerated range of about 15–45 °C; these figures describe the recorded tropical growing envelope rather than a guaranteed cold-hardiness limit. Hot tropical conditions and good airflow are the appropriate outdoor baseline. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

The species occupies landscapes that may alternate between seasonal flooding and pronounced dry conditions. Mean annual rainfall is reported as about 500–1,000 mm, with approximately 400–1,200 mm tolerated, and populations are usually below 400 m elevation although East African plants occur up to about 1,200 m. A practical cultivation inference is to maintain regular moisture while a seedling is establishing, provide drainage rather than stagnant soil, and allow more drying only after a strong root system has developed; no fixed irrigation calendar follows from these ecological ranges. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

It is reported as fire-tolerant in its native savanna settings, but young cultivated palms still need protection from fire. The species is slow-growing and may live for more than a century, so a planting site should be chosen as a long-term position. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Propagation is by seed. Remove the pulp and sow fresh seed promptly; it germinates in about four weeks without pretreatment. Borassus aethiopum develops a very long taproot, making in-situ sowing preferable where the planting site is suitable. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

Borassus aethiopum is dioecious and insect-pollinated. Male and female palms are therefore needed when the objective is fruit or seed production. Flowering is reported to begin at around 20 years; the juvenile phase may last 6–8 years as a ground-level rosette, followed by trunk growth from roughly ages 8–20. Flowering and fruiting commonly occur throughout the year in favorable tropical conditions. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is yellow to brown and contains one to three seeds. <sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The fruit is documented as edible and has food uses in its African range. Its large fibrous pulp is described at around 500 g, with a slightly sweet taste, a mild turpentine-like flavor, and a turpentine smell. These sensory details can vary with maturity and preparation; the fruit description does not establish a general food-safety or preparation guide. <sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Photos ==
[[File:Borassus aethiopum kz01.jpg|300px|Borassus aethiopum at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden]]
[[File:Borassus aethiopum.jpg|300px|Borassus aethiopum in the savanna region of Togo]]
[[File:Semis des graines du Rônier (Borassus aethiopum).jpg|300px|Sowing Borassus aethiopum seeds]]

== References ==
* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Borassus%20aethiopum GBIF species match: Borassus aethiopum].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Borassus+aethiopum Borassus aethiopum - Useful Tropical Plants].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borassus_aethiopum Borassus aethiopum - Wikipedia].

== Image credits ==

* ''Borassus aethiopum 2.jpg'' — subject: Borassus aethiopum palm stand in Tandjouaré Prefecture, Togo; creator: Akouete; license: CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borassus_aethiopum_2.jpg file page].
* ''Borassus aethiopum kz01.jpg'' — subject: Borassus aethiopum specimen at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami; creators: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; license: CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borassus_aethiopum_kz01.jpg file page].
* ''Borassus aethiopum.jpg'' — subject: Borassus aethiopum in a savanna region of Togo; creator: AKOUETE Ata Franck; license: CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borassus_aethiopum.jpg file page].
* ''Semis des graines du Rônier (Borassus aethiopum).jpg'' — subject: sowing Borassus aethiopum seeds in Togo; creator: Akouete; license: CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Semis_des_graines_du_R%C3%B4nier_(Borassus_aethiopum).jpg file page].

[[Category:Arecaceae]]
[[Category:Fruit plants]]