Editing Bactris gasipaes

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Peach palm (''Bactris gasipaes'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Chontaduro Bactris gasipaes.jpg|300px|Chontaduro fruit of peach palm]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Bactris gasipaes''
|-
! Common names
| Peach palm, pejibaye, pupunha, chontaduro
|-
! Genus
| ''[[Bactris]]''
|-
! Family
| ''[[Arecaceae]]''
|-
! Order
| ''[[Arecales]]''
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen, caespitose palm; commonly multistemmed and spiny
|-
! Native range
| Tropical Central and northern South America; native in Colombia
|-
! Mature size
| About 6–24 m tall; stems commonly 12–26 cm in diameter
|-
! Climate/site
| Warm, humid tropics; moist, well-drained ground; lowland to about 1500 m
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed; rooted basal suckers for selected plants
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, red, or yellow ovoid drupes in heavy bunches; usually 2–7 cm long
|-
! Harvest
| Seasonal and locality-dependent; fruits are cooked before eating
|-
! Years to fruit
| N/A; strongly dependent on cultivar, propagation, and climate
|}

''Bactris gasipaes'', commonly called peach palm, pejibaye, pupunha, or chontaduro, is an evergreen palm cultivated for its starchy fruit and, in separate production systems, its heart-of-palm. GBIF accepts ''Bactris gasipaes'' as the scientific name in the genus ''Bactris'', family Arecaceae, and order Arecales.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> Kew records the species as a caespitose palm native to Colombia and distributed through several tropical American biogeographic regions, from sea level to about 1500 m.<sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The palm forms a clump of upright stems, usually armed with dark sharp spines. Individual stems carry a crown of pinnate leaves, while axillary inflorescences develop into bunches of fleshy drupes. Mature fruit may be orange, red, or yellow, and the central seed is enclosed in a dark endocarp.<sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Description ==

Peach palm is typically 6–24 m tall, with 1–13 cylindrical stems and basal suckers; single-stemmed plants also occur. Leaves are pinnate and about 1.8–4 m long. The stems and sometimes the leaflets carry spines, so access and pruning require deliberate handling.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Its native and cultivated habitats include forest, woodland, savanna, and inland wetland settings. In Colombia, the documented elevation range is 0–1500 m, and the species is both native and cultivated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> The natural profile is warm and moisture-rich rather than frost-prone or seasonally dormant.

== Cultivation ==

Peach palm is best suited to warm, humid tropical conditions with dependable soil moisture. A clumping habit and extensive adventitious root mat make it a substantial ground-planted palm; give each clump room and keep spiny stems away from paths. Fruit cultivars and spineless heart-of-palm selections should not be treated as interchangeable: fruit-producing types are generally thorny, while heart-of-palm production has selected spineless forms.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Soil and water ===

Provide fertile, moist soil that drains freely after rain. The root system forms a dense mat that may spread several metres around the plant, so shallow compacted beds and permanently stagnant sites are poor choices. Maintain even moisture while young palms establish and while fruit is developing; mulch can reduce drying, but do not allow the root zone to remain waterlogged.<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

A humid tropical atmosphere and strong airflow are appropriate. Established palms can occupy open sunny sites, while young plants benefit from protection against desiccating exposure. The spiny stems and leaflets make a clear planting perimeter and safe access important in gardens and small orchards.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===

Peach palm is evergreen, but flowering and harvest periods vary among regions and varieties. In Brazilian production, eastern Amazonian varieties are reported to fruit from February to May, while varieties from the Solimões River region fruit from September to December; these are regional production patterns, not a universal calendar.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Reduce stress from dry-season irrigation gaps, especially during establishment and fruit enlargement.

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the principal documented propagation method. The seed is recalcitrant: it loses viability when dried, so sow it as soon as possible and keep it moist during germination. Seedlings are commonly raised in a nursery before planting out; a numerical years-to-fruit interval is not established across cultivars and climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

Rooted basal suckers can preserve the traits of a selected parent and are also central to clump management. Remove only well-rooted suckers with care, because the armed stems and dense root mat make division hazardous. Heart-of-palm selections and fruit selections should be documented separately when planting material is acquired.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

Inflorescences arise in the leaf axils and contain both male and female flowers on the monoecious palm. Fruits develop in bunches that may weigh up to about 20 kg; individual drupes are usually 2–7 cm long and 2–8 cm wide, with substantial variation among varieties.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Harvest timing follows the local variety and wet–dry rhythm rather than a single species-wide month.

Fruit is gathered when mature and is commonly handled in bunches. Spines can make harvest unpleasant or dangerous, so use protective equipment and keep children and animals away from the working area. The palm's heart-of-palm crop is a separate harvest that removes stems and is not a substitute for fruit production.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

Peach palm fruit is pulpy and nutritious, with uses including cooked fruit, flour, cooking oil, and fermented or preserved preparations. Cooking is customary before eating because heat reduces trypsin inhibitors and calcium oxalates associated with digestive and mouth irritation.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Follow local food-preparation practice rather than eating raw fruit casually.

The species is also the principal commercial source of heart-of-palm in many producing regions. Leaves, fruit residues, seeds, oil meal, and heart-of-palm rinds can enter animal-feed or other local-use systems, while leaves and stems have traditional material uses.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Colombian plant-use records also list food, oil, fibre, material, and ornamental uses.<sup id="cite_ref-5">[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup> These uses vary by cultivar, region, and production objective.

== Photos ==

[[File:Bactris gasipaes 12zz.jpg|260px|Peach palm at INBioparque, Costa Rica]]

== References ==

* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Bactris%20gasipaes GBIF species match: Bactris gasipaes].

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28453-2/general-information Plants of the World Online: Bactris gasipaes].

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://www.feedipedia.org/node/567 Feedipedia: Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)].

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Bactris+gasipaes Useful Tropical Plants: Bactris gasipaes].

* <span id="cite_note-5"></span>[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] '''[5]''' [https://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co/ Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia: Bactris gasipaes records].

== Image credits ==

* ''Chontaduro Bactris gasipaes.jpg'': David Yela, CC BY-SA 4.0; fruit snack photographed in Palmira, Colombia; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chontaduro_Bactris_gasipaes.jpg Wikimedia Commons file page].

* ''Bactris gasipaes 12zz.jpg'': David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0; peach palm photographed at INBioparque, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bactris_gasipaes_12zz.jpg Wikimedia Commons file page].