Editing Amelanchier laevis

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Allegheny serviceberry (''Amelanchier laevis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Amelanchier laevis 5zz.jpg|250px|Amelanchier laevis at Merrifield Garden Center, Merrifield, Virginia. Photo by David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Amelanchier laevis''
|-
! Common names
| Allegheny serviceberry; Coastal Plain serviceberry; June berry; smooth-leaved serviceberry; smooth shadbush
|-
! Genus
| [[Amelanchier]]
|-
! Family
| [[Rosaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Rosales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Deciduous tree or shrub
|-
! Native range
| Eastern North America
|-
! Climate and site
| Moist, acidic, well-drained loams; sun to shade
|-
! Mature size
| About 15–25 ft
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; hardwood or softwood cuttings
|-
! Fruit
| Purple to nearly black edible fruit
|-
! Harvest
| Usually late spring to early summer; June is reported
|}

'''Allegheny serviceberry''' ('''''Amelanchier laevis'''''; also Coastal Plain serviceberry, June berry, smooth-leaved serviceberry, and smooth shadbush) is a deciduous tree or shrub in the family [[Rosaceae]]. It produces white spring flowers followed by edible fruit that ripens from red through purple to nearly black.<sup id="cite_ref-1">[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2">[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3">[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Description ==
''Amelanchier laevis'' is often multi-trunked and reaches about 15–25 ft in the landscape. White flowers appear before or with the leaves in spring. The fruits are juicy and change from red to purple or nearly black as they ripen; June fruiting is reported for the species, with a broader May–June display in some landscape records.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The species occurs in eastern North America. It is associated with cool rich woods, moist-to-drier thickets, swamp margins, and clearings, so both woodland-edge and more open plantings can suit it when prolonged drought is avoided.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Cultivation ==
Native habitats range from moist woods and swamp margins to somewhat drier thickets and clearings. In cultivation, the useful starting point is a moisture-retentive but freely draining site with light ranging from sun to shade; the plant should not be treated as drought tolerant.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Soil and water ===
Use an acidic, well-drained loam with steady moisture during establishment. Coarse-to-medium loams and rich woodland soils are recorded settings. Water young plants during extended dry weather, while keeping the root zone drained rather than persistently saturated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===
The species grows from sun to shade and is found in woods, thickets, swamp margins, and clearings. Bright light supports flowering and fruiting, while a lightly shaded woodland-edge position is also consistent with its native setting. Keep the root zone from becoming dry for long periods during establishment.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Seasonal changes ===
The native rhythm is deciduous: white flowers open in spring before or around leaf emergence, followed by fruit ripening in late spring or early summer. June is a reported fruiting month, while the broader May–June display varies with site and season. Increase attention to irrigation as spring growth and fruit development give way to warmer, drier weather, and allow the plant to enter its cool-season leafless period without a saturated planting site.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==
Seed and stem cuttings are documented. Ripe fruit should be collected and cleaned promptly because pulp can ferment; untreated seed sown in autumn or seed sown in spring after cold-moist stratification are described options. The Wildflower Center gives a 90–120-day cold-moist stratification period. Early-spring hardwood cuttings and summer softwood cuttings are also listed.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==
White flowers open in spring before or with the leaves. The fruit changes from red to purple or nearly black and is generally ready in late spring or early summer; June is a useful regional guide rather than a fixed harvest date.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup> Pick fruit when fully colored and ripe.

A reproductive-biology study of tetraploid plants in Maine described apospory and pseudogamy and reported that seed maturation required pollination in the examined material. This finding concerns reproductive biology in that study population; it does not by itself provide a universal orchard pollination arrangement for every population of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-4">[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==
The ripe fruit is edible and may be eaten raw or cooked. Its color progresses from red to purple or nearly black, and the fruit is described as juicy. Fruit quality and harvest timing can vary with plant, site, and season.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==
Leaf miners, borers, aphids, spider mites, leaf blight, fire blight, and powdery mildew are listed among potential pest and disease problems. Monitor plants during active growth and identify the specific problem before choosing a treatment.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Photos ==
[[File:Amelanchier laevis 6zz.jpg|260px|Amelanchier laevis at the North Carolina Arboretum, Asheville, North Carolina. Photo by David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0.]]

== References ==
* <span id="cite_note-1"></span>[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] '''[1]''' [https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/match?name=Amelanchier%20laevis GBIF species match: ''Amelanchier laevis'']. Accepted species match, family, genus, and rank.

* <span id="cite_note-2"></span>[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] '''[2]''' [https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amelanchier-laevis/ North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox: ''Amelanchier laevis'']. Habit, flowers, fruit, site conditions, propagation, season, and pest/disease profile.

* <span id="cite_note-3"></span>[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] '''[3]''' [https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=AMLA Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database: ''Amelanchier laevis'']. Habitat, fruit, exposure, soil, propagation, seed handling, and stratification guidance.

* <span id="cite_note-4"></span>[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] '''[4]''' [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08397.x Campbell, C. S.; Greene, C. W.; Neubauer, B. F.; Higgins, J. M. “Apomixis in Amelanchier laevis, Shadbush (Rosaceae, Maloideae).” American Journal of Botany 72 (1985): 1397–1403. DOI 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08397.x. Abstract-scoped reproductive biology study].

== Image credits ==
* Summary image: ''Amelanchier laevis 5zz.jpg'' — David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amelanchier_laevis_5zz.jpg file page].
* Photos image: ''Amelanchier laevis 6zz.jpg'' — David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amelanchier_laevis_6zz.jpg file page].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Amelanchier]]
[[Category:Temperate fruit trees]]