Editing Tlanoxtle (section)

== Climate and site ==

The food-plant variety is concentrated in central Mexico, especially along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, at elevations from about 1,600 to 3,000 m. It grows in disturbed pastures, agricultural fields, paths, roadsides, and clearings in xerophilous shrubland, oak forest, and coniferous forest. Field observations from Querétaro recorded flowering at approximately 2,700 m during the summer rainy season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Native plants are associated mainly with volcanic soils rather than swampy ground. The important soil feature is not constant wetness: the plant occupies open, seasonally managed sites where the root zone is likely to drain and then dry between periods of rain. Give it a mineral, well-drained soil with organic matter, but avoid heavy clay that stays airless after rain. A raised bed is appropriate where winter or summer rainfall leaves water standing. The underground roots can carry the plant through a dry or cold rest, but the active shoots need moisture during the growing season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup>

This is a highland plant, not a lowland tropical perennial. Full sun and cool to mild temperatures are more appropriate than hot, humid conditions. In climates with freezing winters, mulch over the root zone and expect the top growth to disappear. Growers in warm climates should provide excellent drainage and some afternoon protection if plants decline in prolonged heat.

=== Soil ===

Tlanoxtle is associated with volcanic highland soils in open fields, pastures, shrubland, and forest clearings. These sites are generally mineral, porous, and seasonally dry rather than swampy. A gritty loam or volcanic soil with organic matter and rapid drainage is preferable; heavy clay should be raised or amended so winter and summer rains do not leave the root crown saturated.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Open-field populations receive full sun, although plants at forest edges may receive afternoon shade. The highland atmosphere is cooler and less continuously humid than a lowland tropical climate, with humidity increasing during summer rains. Avoid hot, stagnant conditions and provide airflow in warm climates.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The natural cycle is strongly seasonal: summer rains support active shoots and flowering, while the cooler, drier winter commonly brings dieback or a below-ground rest. Keep the plant drier during dormancy and resume moisture as new growth appears. At high elevations, cold nights can extend the dormant period even when daytime sun is strong.