Wikifruit.com - User contributions [en]

Punica granatum

2026-08-03T23:09:34Z

172.22.0.1: Relabel description image as pomegranate flower

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Pomegranate (''Punica granatum'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Punica granatum kz01.jpg|250px|Pomegranate fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Punica granatum'' L.
|-
! Genus
| [[Punica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Lythraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Deciduous shrub or small tree, often multistemmed
|-
! Native range
| Iran to northern India and Central Asia
|-
! Native biome
| Mediterranean and warm temperate to subtropical, seasonally dry
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 5 m, occasionally more
|-
! Soil
| Loam to sandy loam; tolerates clay if drained, prefers neutral to slightly acid
|-
! Flowers
| Orange-red, funnel-shaped, many stamens
|-
! Fruit
| Leathery-rinded berry with juicy arils
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; hardwood cuttings; air layering
|-
! Harvest
| When skin colors and fruit makes a metallic ring when tapped
|}

'''Pomegranate''' (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit shrub or small tree in the genus [[Punica]], family [[Lythraceae]], and order [[Myrtales]]. It is grown for its leathery-skinned fruit packed with juicy arils, and it has a long history of cultivation from the Mediterranean through Central Asia. The species is also grown as an ornamental, with double-flowered and dwarf forms, and has been used in traditional medicine for centuries.

== Description ==

[[File:Punica July 2013-1.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Pomegranate flower. Photo by Jiří Zelenka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

''Punica granatum'' is a deciduous shrub or small tree that usually reaches about 2 to 5 m, with a rounded crown and often several main stems. Branchlets may carry slender spines, especially on vigorous or juvenile growth. The leaves are opposite or clustered, glossy, lance-shaped to oblong, and about 2 to 8 cm long, with entire margins. Leaves fall in winter in cooler climates, but the tree is nearly evergreen in mild tropical conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The flowers are showy, orange-red to crimson, with five to seven crinkled petals and many stamens. They appear singly or in small clusters at the tips of the current season's shoots. Some ornamental cultivars produce double flowers with many petals and little or no fruit.

The fruit is a berry with a thick, leathery rind, round and somewhat flattened at the ends, about 5 to 12 cm across. Inside, the seeds are surrounded by juicy, translucent arils that range from pale pink to deep red. Fruit color, aril color, sweetness, and seed hardness vary considerably among cultivars.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

=== Soil ===

Pomegranate in the wild grows on rocky hillsides, valley floors, and along seasonal watercourses where soils are often loamy, sandy, or gravelly and well drained. It tolerates a wide range of soil types, including moderately clayey ground, provided the root zone does not remain waterlogged. A neutral to slightly alkaline reaction is tolerated well, and the species handles mildly saline conditions better than most fruit trees. The main risk in cultivation is heavy, airless clay or permanently wet ground, which promotes root disease.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Pomegranate is a full-sun species and fruits most reliably with several hours of direct light; heavy shade reduces flowering and fruit color. It is adapted to warm, dry summers and benefits from low humidity at fruit maturity, which reduces fungal problems. In humid subtropical and tropical regions it still crops, but good airflow, open canopy management, and care to avoid dense, wet foliage are more important.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The natural cycle follows a cool or dry season followed by warm, dry growth. Flowering begins in late spring to early summer on new shoots, and fruit develops through the hot season, ripening in late summer to autumn. In Mediterranean climates, the tree is deciduous through the cool winter; in mild tropical climates it may retain leaves and produce a second, less regular flush. Irrigation should be regular during flowering and fruit enlargement, then reduced as fruit matures to improve quality and protect the rind from splitting.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed germinates readily, but seedlings vary in fruit quality and may be more spiny and vigorous. For named cultivars, hardwood cuttings taken in winter root easily in most climates; semi-ripe cuttings work under mist. Air layering is also reliable for difficult cultivars. Grafted plants are less common in the trade than rooted cuttings.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers form on new growth, so heavy pruning, cool cloudy weather, or excess nitrogen can reduce the crop. The fruit matures over roughly 4 to 7 months from bloom. Harvest when the skin develops its full color and the fruit produces a metallic ring when tapped; the crown calyx should feel dry and slightly leathery. Ripe fruit stores for several weeks in cool, dry conditions, and the arils keep for days when refrigerated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Pomegranate (opened).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Opened pomegranate showing arils. Photo by Gveret Tered, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The arils are eaten fresh, sprinkled over salads and desserts, pressed into juice, and used in syrups, sauces, jellies, and drinks. Grenadine is traditionally made from pomegranate juice. The hard rind is not eaten but is rich in tannins and has a long history in traditional dyeing and tanning, as well as in folk medicine. Juice color, sweetness, and astringency vary widely by cultivar and ripeness.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The species is also widely planted as an ornamental. Double-flowered cultivars such as 'Plena' are grown for their showy blooms, and dwarf forms, notably ''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'', are used in containers and bonsai. The attractive bark, red autumn foliage, and long flowering season add to its garden value.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

Pomegranate is relatively tough but can be affected by fruit flies, aphids, scale insects, and mites in some regions. Fungal issues include leaf spot, root rot in wet ground, and fruit rot in humid conditions or after rain when fruit is nearly ripe. Good airflow, sanitation of fallen fruit, and avoiding overhead irrigation as fruit matures are the main preventive measures. A universal pesticide schedule is not appropriate; regional recommendations differ.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Hundreds of named cultivars are grown commercially and in home gardens, and they vary widely in rind and aril color, sweetness and acidity, seed texture, harvest season, and cold hardiness. Pomegranates are self-fertile, so a single plant sets fruit without a pollinizer.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Many of the cold-hardy selections now offered in North America trace back to the collecting work of the Soviet botanist Gregory Levin, who spent decades gathering pomegranates from the Trans Caucasus and the Sumbar Valley of Turkmenistan. Nurseries such as One Green World propagate his introductions; several fruit reliably in USDA zone 7b, and the hardest tolerate temperatures near -18 °C.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! Cultivar !! Origin / type !! Fruit and arils !! Seed texture !! Notes
|-
| 'Wonderful' || United States || Large fruit, bright red rind, deep red arils || Medium || The dominant US commercial cultivar; reliable and widely adapted<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Angel Red' || California || Deep red, very high juice content || Soft || Early; ripens weeks before 'Wonderful'; popular for juicing<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Eversweet' || California || Red rind; clear, non-staining juice || Very soft, nearly seedless || Sweet even when immature; suited to coast or inland<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Ambrosia' || California || Medium to large, pale pink rind, purple sweet-tart juice || Soft || Long-lived; performs inland or coastal<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Desertnyi' || Central Asia || Light orange rind, dark red arils, citrus-like sweet-tart flavor || Very soft || Dessert type; highly rated in tastings<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Parfianka' || Central Asia || Large red fruit, wine-red arils || Small and edible || Consistently top-rated flavor; naturally dwarfing and crops at a young age<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Salavatski' || Central Asia || Large fruit, orange-red rind, red arils || Hard || Among the most cold-hardy; survives below 0 °F<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Kazake' || Russia || Lighter rind, dark arils, very high juice content; sweet-tart || Firm || Very cold-hardy and fairly early; a good choice for cooler climates<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Surh-Anor' || Central Asia || Pinkish-yellow rind, bright yellow arils, extremely sweet || Soft || Cold-hardy and productive; needs the hottest site in cool climates<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|}

Separate ornamental groups are grown for flowers and form rather than fruit. Double-flowered forms such as 'Plena' produce many-petaled blooms, and dwarf cultivars, including ''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'' and 'Sochi Dwarf', are popular for containers and bonsai. White-fleshed dessert types such as 'Haku-botan' have cream to pale arils, mild flavor, and juice that stains little. Regional collections remain important: 'Mollar de Elche' is a soft-seeded Spanish favorite, while 'Ganesh' and 'Bhagwa' are widely planted in India.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Chilling requirement also differs among cultivars. Some need roughly 100 to 200 hours of winter chill to break dormancy reliably, while others flower well with very little cold, which matters in mild-winter climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

Pomegranate is one of the easiest fruit plants to grow in containers. Use a large pot with free-draining soil, full sun, and regular feeding during active growth. Dwarf cultivars such as the ''nana'' group are ideal for pots and can be brought under cover in cold climates. Container plants need more frequent watering than trees in the ground, and the soil should be allowed to dry slightly between waterings.

== Zone pushing ==

* Pomegranate tolerates winter cold down to about -12 °C once mature, but young plants and flower buds are more sensitive.
* In cool climates, train plants low and wide, or grow them against a warm wall.
* In humid regions, thin the canopy and avoid late-summer nitrogen to keep fruit healthy.
* Choose early-maturing cultivars where the season is short.
* Record flowering date, fruit maturity, and winter minimums for each cultivar in your area.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Pomegranate.htm Growables: Pomegranate, ''Punica granatum'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, cultivars, and cultivation notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Punica+granatum Useful Tropical Plants: ''Punica granatum'']. Range, soil, climate, harvest, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://onegreenworld.com/product-category/fruiting-shrubs/pomegranate/ One Green World: Pomegranate cultivars]. Cultivar collection and product descriptions, including Gregory Levin introductions such as Salavatski, Parfianka, Kazake, and Surh-Anor.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://www.wheretobuy.davewilson.com/product-information/product/pomegranates Dave Wilson Nursery: Pomegranates]. Cultivar descriptions, seed texture, flavor, and chilling requirements.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_kz01.jpg Pomegranate fruit], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_July_2013-1.jpg flower], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_(opened).jpg opened fruit], CC BY-SA 3.0.
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_flowers_(Punica_granatum),_Ponte_de_Sor,_Portugal_(approx._GPS_location)_julesvernex2.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_L._Nana.jpg dwarf form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Pomegranate flowers (Punica granatum), Ponte de Sor, Portugal (approx. GPS location) julesvernex2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Pomegranate flowers.]]
[[File:Punica granatum L. Nana.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Dwarf pomegranate, a popular container and bonsai form.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Punica]]

Punica granatum

2026-08-03T23:06:25Z

172.22.0.1: Expand cultivars section with One Green World and Dave Wilson cultivar data and table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Pomegranate (''Punica granatum'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Punica granatum kz01.jpg|250px|Pomegranate fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Punica granatum'' L.
|-
! Genus
| [[Punica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Lythraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Deciduous shrub or small tree, often multistemmed
|-
! Native range
| Iran to northern India and Central Asia
|-
! Native biome
| Mediterranean and warm temperate to subtropical, seasonally dry
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 5 m, occasionally more
|-
! Soil
| Loam to sandy loam; tolerates clay if drained, prefers neutral to slightly acid
|-
! Flowers
| Orange-red, funnel-shaped, many stamens
|-
! Fruit
| Leathery-rinded berry with juicy arils
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; hardwood cuttings; air layering
|-
! Harvest
| When skin colors and fruit makes a metallic ring when tapped
|}

'''Pomegranate''' (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit shrub or small tree in the genus [[Punica]], family [[Lythraceae]], and order [[Myrtales]]. It is grown for its leathery-skinned fruit packed with juicy arils, and it has a long history of cultivation from the Mediterranean through Central Asia. The species is also grown as an ornamental, with double-flowered and dwarf forms, and has been used in traditional medicine for centuries.

== Description ==

[[File:Punica July 2013-1.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Pomegranate tree habit. Photo by Jiří Zelenka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

''Punica granatum'' is a deciduous shrub or small tree that usually reaches about 2 to 5 m, with a rounded crown and often several main stems. Branchlets may carry slender spines, especially on vigorous or juvenile growth. The leaves are opposite or clustered, glossy, lance-shaped to oblong, and about 2 to 8 cm long, with entire margins. Leaves fall in winter in cooler climates, but the tree is nearly evergreen in mild tropical conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The flowers are showy, orange-red to crimson, with five to seven crinkled petals and many stamens. They appear singly or in small clusters at the tips of the current season's shoots. Some ornamental cultivars produce double flowers with many petals and little or no fruit.

The fruit is a berry with a thick, leathery rind, round and somewhat flattened at the ends, about 5 to 12 cm across. Inside, the seeds are surrounded by juicy, translucent arils that range from pale pink to deep red. Fruit color, aril color, sweetness, and seed hardness vary considerably among cultivars.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

=== Soil ===

Pomegranate in the wild grows on rocky hillsides, valley floors, and along seasonal watercourses where soils are often loamy, sandy, or gravelly and well drained. It tolerates a wide range of soil types, including moderately clayey ground, provided the root zone does not remain waterlogged. A neutral to slightly alkaline reaction is tolerated well, and the species handles mildly saline conditions better than most fruit trees. The main risk in cultivation is heavy, airless clay or permanently wet ground, which promotes root disease.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Pomegranate is a full-sun species and fruits most reliably with several hours of direct light; heavy shade reduces flowering and fruit color. It is adapted to warm, dry summers and benefits from low humidity at fruit maturity, which reduces fungal problems. In humid subtropical and tropical regions it still crops, but good airflow, open canopy management, and care to avoid dense, wet foliage are more important.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The natural cycle follows a cool or dry season followed by warm, dry growth. Flowering begins in late spring to early summer on new shoots, and fruit develops through the hot season, ripening in late summer to autumn. In Mediterranean climates, the tree is deciduous through the cool winter; in mild tropical climates it may retain leaves and produce a second, less regular flush. Irrigation should be regular during flowering and fruit enlargement, then reduced as fruit matures to improve quality and protect the rind from splitting.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed germinates readily, but seedlings vary in fruit quality and may be more spiny and vigorous. For named cultivars, hardwood cuttings taken in winter root easily in most climates; semi-ripe cuttings work under mist. Air layering is also reliable for difficult cultivars. Grafted plants are less common in the trade than rooted cuttings.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers form on new growth, so heavy pruning, cool cloudy weather, or excess nitrogen can reduce the crop. The fruit matures over roughly 4 to 7 months from bloom. Harvest when the skin develops its full color and the fruit produces a metallic ring when tapped; the crown calyx should feel dry and slightly leathery. Ripe fruit stores for several weeks in cool, dry conditions, and the arils keep for days when refrigerated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Pomegranate (opened).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Opened pomegranate showing arils. Photo by Gveret Tered, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The arils are eaten fresh, sprinkled over salads and desserts, pressed into juice, and used in syrups, sauces, jellies, and drinks. Grenadine is traditionally made from pomegranate juice. The hard rind is not eaten but is rich in tannins and has a long history in traditional dyeing and tanning, as well as in folk medicine. Juice color, sweetness, and astringency vary widely by cultivar and ripeness.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The species is also widely planted as an ornamental. Double-flowered cultivars such as 'Plena' are grown for their showy blooms, and dwarf forms, notably ''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'', are used in containers and bonsai. The attractive bark, red autumn foliage, and long flowering season add to its garden value.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

Pomegranate is relatively tough but can be affected by fruit flies, aphids, scale insects, and mites in some regions. Fungal issues include leaf spot, root rot in wet ground, and fruit rot in humid conditions or after rain when fruit is nearly ripe. Good airflow, sanitation of fallen fruit, and avoiding overhead irrigation as fruit matures are the main preventive measures. A universal pesticide schedule is not appropriate; regional recommendations differ.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Hundreds of named cultivars are grown commercially and in home gardens, and they vary widely in rind and aril color, sweetness and acidity, seed texture, harvest season, and cold hardiness. Pomegranates are self-fertile, so a single plant sets fruit without a pollinizer.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Many of the cold-hardy selections now offered in North America trace back to the collecting work of the Soviet botanist Gregory Levin, who spent decades gathering pomegranates from the Trans Caucasus and the Sumbar Valley of Turkmenistan. Nurseries such as One Green World propagate his introductions; several fruit reliably in USDA zone 7b, and the hardest tolerate temperatures near -18 °C.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! Cultivar !! Origin / type !! Fruit and arils !! Seed texture !! Notes
|-
| 'Wonderful' || United States || Large fruit, bright red rind, deep red arils || Medium || The dominant US commercial cultivar; reliable and widely adapted<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Angel Red' || California || Deep red, very high juice content || Soft || Early; ripens weeks before 'Wonderful'; popular for juicing<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Eversweet' || California || Red rind; clear, non-staining juice || Very soft, nearly seedless || Sweet even when immature; suited to coast or inland<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Ambrosia' || California || Medium to large, pale pink rind, purple sweet-tart juice || Soft || Long-lived; performs inland or coastal<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Desertnyi' || Central Asia || Light orange rind, dark red arils, citrus-like sweet-tart flavor || Very soft || Dessert type; highly rated in tastings<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Parfianka' || Central Asia || Large red fruit, wine-red arils || Small and edible || Consistently top-rated flavor; naturally dwarfing and crops at a young age<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Salavatski' || Central Asia || Large fruit, orange-red rind, red arils || Hard || Among the most cold-hardy; survives below 0 °F<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Kazake' || Russia || Lighter rind, dark arils, very high juice content; sweet-tart || Firm || Very cold-hardy and fairly early; a good choice for cooler climates<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|-
| 'Surh-Anor' || Central Asia || Pinkish-yellow rind, bright yellow arils, extremely sweet || Soft || Cold-hardy and productive; needs the hottest site in cool climates<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>
|}

Separate ornamental groups are grown for flowers and form rather than fruit. Double-flowered forms such as 'Plena' produce many-petaled blooms, and dwarf cultivars, including ''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'' and 'Sochi Dwarf', are popular for containers and bonsai. White-fleshed dessert types such as 'Haku-botan' have cream to pale arils, mild flavor, and juice that stains little. Regional collections remain important: 'Mollar de Elche' is a soft-seeded Spanish favorite, while 'Ganesh' and 'Bhagwa' are widely planted in India.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Chilling requirement also differs among cultivars. Some need roughly 100 to 200 hours of winter chill to break dormancy reliably, while others flower well with very little cold, which matters in mild-winter climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

Pomegranate is one of the easiest fruit plants to grow in containers. Use a large pot with free-draining soil, full sun, and regular feeding during active growth. Dwarf cultivars such as the ''nana'' group are ideal for pots and can be brought under cover in cold climates. Container plants need more frequent watering than trees in the ground, and the soil should be allowed to dry slightly between waterings.

== Zone pushing ==

* Pomegranate tolerates winter cold down to about -12 °C once mature, but young plants and flower buds are more sensitive.
* In cool climates, train plants low and wide, or grow them against a warm wall.
* In humid regions, thin the canopy and avoid late-summer nitrogen to keep fruit healthy.
* Choose early-maturing cultivars where the season is short.
* Record flowering date, fruit maturity, and winter minimums for each cultivar in your area.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Pomegranate.htm Growables: Pomegranate, ''Punica granatum'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, cultivars, and cultivation notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Punica+granatum Useful Tropical Plants: ''Punica granatum'']. Range, soil, climate, harvest, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://onegreenworld.com/product-category/fruiting-shrubs/pomegranate/ One Green World: Pomegranate cultivars]. Cultivar collection and product descriptions, including Gregory Levin introductions such as Salavatski, Parfianka, Kazake, and Surh-Anor.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://www.wheretobuy.davewilson.com/product-information/product/pomegranates Dave Wilson Nursery: Pomegranates]. Cultivar descriptions, seed texture, flavor, and chilling requirements.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_kz01.jpg Pomegranate fruit], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_July_2013-1.jpg tree habit], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_(opened).jpg opened fruit], CC BY-SA 3.0.
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_flowers_(Punica_granatum),_Ponte_de_Sor,_Portugal_(approx._GPS_location)_julesvernex2.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_L._Nana.jpg dwarf form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Pomegranate flowers (Punica granatum), Ponte de Sor, Portugal (approx. GPS location) julesvernex2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Pomegranate flowers.]]
[[File:Punica granatum L. Nana.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Dwarf pomegranate, a popular container and bonsai form.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Punica]]

Pomegranate tree

2026-08-03T22:36:02Z

172.22.0.1: Redirect to Punica granatum

#REDIRECT [[Punica granatum]]

Pomegranate

2026-08-03T22:34:27Z

172.22.0.1: Redirect to Punica granatum

#REDIRECT [[Punica granatum]]

Myrtales

2026-08-03T22:34:15Z

172.22.0.1: Add Lythraceae, Punica, and pomegranate links

'''Myrtales''' is an order of flowering plants in the clade rosids. The order includes the family [[Myrtaceae]], along with families such as [[Lythraceae]], Melastomataceae, Onagraceae, and Combretaceae.

== Families ==

* [[Myrtaceae]]
* [[Lythraceae]]

== Genera ==

* [[Syzygium]]
* [[Eugenia]]
* [[Punica]]

== Fruit plants ==

* [[Punica granatum]] (pomegranate)

[[Category:Orders]]
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Lythraceae

2026-08-03T22:33:52Z

172.22.0.1: Create family page linking Punica

'''Lythraceae''' is a family of flowering plants in the order [[Myrtales]]. It includes the pomegranate genus [[Punica]], along with loosestrifes (''Lythrum''), crepe myrtles (''Lagerstroemia''), and many other genera.

== Genera ==

* [[Punica]]

== Fruit plants ==

* [[Punica granatum]] (pomegranate)

[[Category:Families]]
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Punica

2026-08-03T22:33:40Z

172.22.0.1: Create genus page linking pomegranate species

'''Punica''' is a small genus of shrubs and small trees in the family [[Lythraceae]], order [[Myrtales]]. The genus includes the pomegranate and is native from Iran through northern India and Central Asia.

== Species ==

* [[Punica granatum]] (pomegranate)

[[Category:Genera]]
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Punica granatum

2026-08-03T22:32:08Z

172.22.0.1: Create pomegranate article in Rose Apple format with taxonomy links and climate subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Pomegranate (''Punica granatum'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Punica granatum kz01.jpg|250px|Pomegranate fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Punica granatum'' L.
|-
! Genus
| [[Punica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Lythraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Deciduous shrub or small tree, often multistemmed
|-
! Native range
| Iran to northern India and Central Asia
|-
! Native biome
| Mediterranean and warm temperate to subtropical, seasonally dry
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 5 m, occasionally more
|-
! Soil
| Loam to sandy loam; tolerates clay if drained, prefers neutral to slightly acid
|-
! Flowers
| Orange-red, funnel-shaped, many stamens
|-
! Fruit
| Leathery-rinded berry with juicy arils
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; hardwood cuttings; air layering
|-
! Harvest
| When skin colors and fruit makes a metallic ring when tapped
|}

'''Pomegranate''' (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit shrub or small tree in the genus [[Punica]], family [[Lythraceae]], and order [[Myrtales]]. It is grown for its leathery-skinned fruit packed with juicy arils, and it has a long history of cultivation from the Mediterranean through Central Asia. The species is also grown as an ornamental, with double-flowered and dwarf forms, and has been used in traditional medicine for centuries.

== Description ==

[[File:Punica July 2013-1.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Pomegranate tree habit. Photo by Jiří Zelenka, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

''Punica granatum'' is a deciduous shrub or small tree that usually reaches about 2 to 5 m, with a rounded crown and often several main stems. Branchlets may carry slender spines, especially on vigorous or juvenile growth. The leaves are opposite or clustered, glossy, lance-shaped to oblong, and about 2 to 8 cm long, with entire margins. Leaves fall in winter in cooler climates, but the tree is nearly evergreen in mild tropical conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The flowers are showy, orange-red to crimson, with five to seven crinkled petals and many stamens. They appear singly or in small clusters at the tips of the current season's shoots. Some ornamental cultivars produce double flowers with many petals and little or no fruit.

The fruit is a berry with a thick, leathery rind, round and somewhat flattened at the ends, about 5 to 12 cm across. Inside, the seeds are surrounded by juicy, translucent arils that range from pale pink to deep red. Fruit color, aril color, sweetness, and seed hardness vary considerably among cultivars.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

=== Soil ===

Pomegranate in the wild grows on rocky hillsides, valley floors, and along seasonal watercourses where soils are often loamy, sandy, or gravelly and well drained. It tolerates a wide range of soil types, including moderately clayey ground, provided the root zone does not remain waterlogged. A neutral to slightly alkaline reaction is tolerated well, and the species handles mildly saline conditions better than most fruit trees. The main risk in cultivation is heavy, airless clay or permanently wet ground, which promotes root disease.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Pomegranate is a full-sun species and fruits most reliably with several hours of direct light; heavy shade reduces flowering and fruit color. It is adapted to warm, dry summers and benefits from low humidity at fruit maturity, which reduces fungal problems. In humid subtropical and tropical regions it still crops, but good airflow, open canopy management, and care to avoid dense, wet foliage are more important.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The natural cycle follows a cool or dry season followed by warm, dry growth. Flowering begins in late spring to early summer on new shoots, and fruit develops through the hot season, ripening in late summer to autumn. In Mediterranean climates, the tree is deciduous through the cool winter; in mild tropical climates it may retain leaves and produce a second, less regular flush. Irrigation should be regular during flowering and fruit enlargement, then reduced as fruit matures to improve quality and protect the rind from splitting.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed germinates readily, but seedlings vary in fruit quality and may be more spiny and vigorous. For named cultivars, hardwood cuttings taken in winter root easily in most climates; semi-ripe cuttings work under mist. Air layering is also reliable for difficult cultivars. Grafted plants are less common in the trade than rooted cuttings.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers form on new growth, so heavy pruning, cool cloudy weather, or excess nitrogen can reduce the crop. The fruit matures over roughly 4 to 7 months from bloom. Harvest when the skin develops its full color and the fruit produces a metallic ring when tapped; the crown calyx should feel dry and slightly leathery. Ripe fruit stores for several weeks in cool, dry conditions, and the arils keep for days when refrigerated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Pomegranate (opened).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Opened pomegranate showing arils. Photo by Gveret Tered, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The arils are eaten fresh, sprinkled over salads and desserts, pressed into juice, and used in syrups, sauces, jellies, and drinks. Grenadine is traditionally made from pomegranate juice. The hard rind is not eaten but is rich in tannins and has a long history in traditional dyeing and tanning, as well as in folk medicine. Juice color, sweetness, and astringency vary widely by cultivar and ripeness.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The species is also widely planted as an ornamental. Double-flowered cultivars such as 'Plena' are grown for their showy blooms, and dwarf forms, notably ''Punica granatum'' var. ''nana'', are used in containers and bonsai. The attractive bark, red autumn foliage, and long flowering season add to its garden value.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

Pomegranate is relatively tough but can be affected by fruit flies, aphids, scale insects, and mites in some regions. Fungal issues include leaf spot, root rot in wet ground, and fruit rot in humid conditions or after rain when fruit is nearly ripe. Good airflow, sanitation of fallen fruit, and avoiding overhead irrigation as fruit matures are the main preventive measures. A universal pesticide schedule is not appropriate; regional recommendations differ.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Hundreds of cultivars are known, differing in fruit size, rind and aril color, sweetness, acidity, seed softness, and harvest season. 'Wonderful' is the dominant commercial cultivar in the United States, while 'Mollar de Elche' and 'Valenciana' are important in Spain, and 'Ganesh' and 'Bhagwa' in India. Soft-seeded dessert types fetch higher prices where fresh arils are sold. Dwarf and double-flowered ornamental selections are separate groups. A complete international cultivar list is beyond the scope of this article; regional recommendations should be consulted before planting.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

Pomegranate is one of the easiest fruit plants to grow in containers. Use a large pot with free-draining soil, full sun, and regular feeding during active growth. Dwarf cultivars such as the ''nana'' group are ideal for pots and can be brought under cover in cold climates. Container plants need more frequent watering than trees in the ground, and the soil should be allowed to dry slightly between waterings.

== Zone pushing ==

* Pomegranate tolerates winter cold down to about -12 °C once mature, but young plants and flower buds are more sensitive.
* In cool climates, train plants low and wide, or grow them against a warm wall.
* In humid regions, thin the canopy and avoid late-summer nitrogen to keep fruit healthy.
* Choose early-maturing cultivars where the season is short.
* Record flowering date, fruit maturity, and winter minimums for each cultivar in your area.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Pomegranate.htm Growables: Pomegranate, ''Punica granatum'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, cultivars, and cultivation notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Punica+granatum Useful Tropical Plants: ''Punica granatum'']. Range, soil, climate, harvest, and uses.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_kz01.jpg Pomegranate fruit], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_July_2013-1.jpg tree habit], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_(opened).jpg opened fruit], CC BY-SA 3.0.
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomegranate_flowers_(Punica_granatum),_Ponte_de_Sor,_Portugal_(approx._GPS_location)_julesvernex2.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punica_granatum_L._Nana.jpg dwarf form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Pomegranate flowers (Punica granatum), Ponte de Sor, Portugal (approx. GPS location) julesvernex2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Pomegranate flowers.]]
[[File:Punica granatum L. Nana.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Dwarf pomegranate, a popular container and bonsai form.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Punica]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T21:13:45Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Morella rubra (fruits).jpg|250px|Yangmei fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Myrica rubra - Urban Greening Botanical Garden - Kiba Park - Koto, Tokyo, Japan - DSC05290.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Yangmei tree.]]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

Yangmei is associated with acidic soils on moist mountain slopes, valleys, and woodland margins. Native soils may be sandy loam, weathered red earth, or other well-drained soils with organic matter; the species tolerates relatively poor ground but not persistent alkalinity or stagnant water. Preserve an acid reaction and avoid lime-rich amendments.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Full sun supports flowering and fruit color, although young trees tolerate light shade. Native production regions are warm and humid, with summer rainfall and moist air. Good ventilation remains important in humid gardens, especially where the crown is dense.

=== Seasonal changes ===

In much of its Chinese range, flowers appear in late winter or spring and fruit ripens in late spring to early summer. Summer rains support fruit enlargement, while cooler winter conditions slow growth. Maintain moisture during flowering and fruit development, but avoid wet roots during the cooler dormant period.

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Myrica rubra, Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan SA310003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Yangmei fruiting branch.]]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

[[File:楊梅雄株 Myrica rubra male 20211212070230 05.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Male flowers.]]
[[File:楊梅雌株 Myrica rubra female 20211212070230 01.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Female flowers.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T21:12:41Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Kadsura coccinea leaves and fruits.jpg|250px|Kadsura leaves and fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Kadsura coccinea.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Kadsura vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

Kadsura grows in forest, ravines, and hillside vegetation where roots occupy humus-rich soil, weathered mineral soil, and accumulated leaf litter. These sites are moist but usually have slope drainage rather than stagnant water. Use an acidic to neutral, organic medium that retains moisture while remaining porous, and keep the crown above saturated soil.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

The vine is adapted to filtered light, forest edges, and partial shade rather than exposed midday heat. Native conditions are humid, especially during the warm rainy season. Provide shelter from drying wind and hot reflected sun, but maintain airflow through the trellis to limit fungal problems.

=== Seasonal changes ===

Growth is strongest during warm, wet months. A cooler or drier subtropical season may slow new shoots and flowering, while winter cold can damage exposed growth. Keep moisture steady during active growth and allow slightly less irrigation during cool weather without letting the root zone become bone-dry.

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Kadsura coccinea and salacca zalacca fruits.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit.]]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

[[File:Blacktiger resurrectionlily medicinal wine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit product.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T21:09:51Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Nanche.jpg|250px|Ripe nance fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia (7554340816).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Nance plant and foliage.]]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

Nance is characteristic of seasonally dry tropical vegetation, including savanna and open woodland, where soils may be acidic, sandy, nutrient-poor, or lateritic. The species can tolerate these conditions because drainage and seasonal drying are more important than rich soil. In cultivation, use free-draining loam or sandy soil and avoid permanently waterlogged clay.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Open native sites provide full sun and relatively dry air during part of the year. Humidity rises with the rainy season, but the tree is not dependent on constant rainforest humidity. Full sun encourages compact growth and fruiting; allow airflow around the crown.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The tree is adapted to a pronounced dry season followed by a rainy growing season. Flowering and fruit development commonly track the transition into or through the rains. Established trees tolerate drought, but supplemental water during flowering and fruit enlargement improves crop consistency; reduce irrigation during cool or naturally dry periods.

== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia(Fruto).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nance fruit.]]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

[[File:Byrsonima Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Nance flowers.]]
[[File:Malpighiaceae- Byrsonima crassifolia (nance).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Nance foliage.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T21:08:31Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Passionfruit and cross section.jpg|250px|Passionfruit and cross section.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Passiflora edulis (84060).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Passionfruit vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

Wild passionfruit grows in forest margins and disturbed vegetation where soils are fertile from leaf litter but remain aerated after rain. A deep loam or sandy loam with organic matter is a close cultivation equivalent. Roots are sensitive to stagnant water, so heavy clay should be drained or planted on a raised mound.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Vines fruit best in full sun with some protection from extreme afternoon heat. Native habitats are warm and seasonally humid, with good airflow through the canopy. Humidity supports growth but does not replace drainage; dense, wet foliage increases disease pressure.

=== Seasonal changes ===

Vigorous shoots and flowering usually follow warm rains. Dry periods can reduce flower fertility and fruit size unless irrigation is supplied, while cool weather slows the vine and frost damages it. Pruning is best timed to the local post-crop or dry-season transition so new shoots develop before the next flowering cycle.

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Open passionfruit.]]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Flowers of Passiflora edulis.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Passionfruit flowers.]]
[[File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Yellow passionfruit.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T21:06:55Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanaceae- Solanum quitoense (lulillo, naranjilla).jpg|250px|Ripe naranjilla fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Solanum quitoense (plant and fruits) in Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Naranjilla plant with fruits.]]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

Naranjilla occurs in humid tropical uplands where soils are commonly dark, organic, and well drained, including volcanic or forest-derived loams. The native root zone stays moist but is not permanently waterlogged. Re-create that balance with compost-rich soil, coarse structure, and a mildly acidic reaction; heavy clay should be raised or amended.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Plants prefer bright light, filtered sun, or morning sun in hot lowlands rather than intense reflected heat. Native upland conditions are humid, with regular cloud or rainfall and cooler nights. Shelter from drying wind helps preserve the large leaves and supports fruit set.

=== Seasonal changes ===

Growth and fruiting follow the warm rainy season, while cooler or drier periods can slow flowering and berry enlargement. Frost is damaging. In climates with a marked dry season, maintain moisture through flowering but allow the surface to drain and partially dry between irrigations.

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Lulo - Solanum quitoense.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lulo fruit.]]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

[[File:Solanum quitoense - flor de lulo o naranjilla.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Naranjilla flower.]]
[[File:Solanum quitoense, the Naranjillo (11396994756).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Naranjilla foliage and fruit.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Fruit page format/Rose apple

2026-08-03T21:06:07Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

'''Working copy: default fruit-page format'''

This is a working example of the compact standard format for fruit pages. It is based on the canonical [[Syzygium jambos|Rose apple]] article, but keeps the default structure short and expandable. Empty or unsupported fields should be omitted rather than padded.

'''Rose apple''' ('''''Syzygium jambos''''') is an evergreen tropical tree grown for its fragrant flowers and crisp, rose-scented fruit.

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Syzygium jambos fruit.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Ripe fruit on the branch.]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Rose apple (''Syzygium jambos'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Syzygium jambos'' (L.) Alston
|-
! Common names
| Rose apple, Malabar plum, pomarrosa, jambu mawar
|-
! Genus
| ''[[Syzygium]]''
|-
! Family
| ''[[Myrtaceae]]''
|-
! Order
| ''[[Myrtales]]''
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen tree
|-
! Mature size
| About 7.5–12 m in ground; smaller with pruning
|-
! Climate
| Tropical to warm subtropical; USDA zones 9–11, with zone 9 marginal
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed; air-layering for clonal plants
|-
! Germination
| About 10–120 days from fresh seed
|-
! Years to fruit
| About 3–4 years from seed under favorable conditions
|-
! Pollination
| Generally self-fertile; insects visit the flowers
|-
! Fruit season
| Varies by climate; often follows the wet season
|}

== Identification and description ==

''Syzygium jambos'' has opposite, lance-shaped leaves, often with a rosy flush of new growth. The large cream-colored flowers are made mostly of conspicuous stamens. The nearly round or slightly pear-shaped fruit is usually pale yellow to whitish, sometimes pink-blushed, with crisp flesh and a hollow center containing loose seeds. A rosewater-like scent is a useful clue.

It can be confused with wax apple (''S. samarangense''), Malay apple (''S. malaccense''), watery rose apple (''S. aqueum''), and other plants sold under the name rose apple.

[[File:Syzygium jambos-young leaves.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rosy new foliage.]]

== Growing ==

Rose apple prefers warm, mostly frost-free conditions, regular moisture, and full sun once established. Young plants benefit from partial shade and should be transplanted while small because root disturbance can set them back. It tolerates a range of soils, including wet sites, but deep soil with reliable moisture is generally productive. Protect it from repeated freezes and direct salt spray.

[[File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Mature tree habit.]]

=== Soil ===

Native rose apple habitats include moist lowlands, stream margins, and other deep soils with regular water movement. Alluvial loam with leaf litter is a useful model, although the tree can tolerate sand and limestone. The natural habitat may be wet, but roots should not remain in stagnant, oxygen-poor water.

=== Sun and humidity ===

Give established trees full sun for reliable flowering and fruiting; young plants tolerate or benefit from partial shade. Warm, humid air and protection from drying winds resemble the native environment. Air movement remains important in dense plantings.

=== Seasonal changes ===

Warm wet-season growth is followed in many climates by a drier flowering period and fruit development as rains return. Cooler subtropical winters reduce growth and may prevent fruiting even where the tree survives. Water consistently during fruit development, but do not keep the root zone saturated during cool weather.

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual method. The seeds should not be allowed to dry and do not normally require stratification. Sow them shallowly in a moist medium and separate seedlings before their roots become crowded. Seedlings may be reasonably close to the parent, but superior fruiting plants are better preserved by air-layering or another clonal method.

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

The species is generally self-fertile and is visited by bees and other insects. Flowering and harvest vary with climate; in tropical regions flowering may be seasonal or sporadic. Fruit commonly follows flowering within several weeks. Harvest at full color because the fruit bruises easily and has a short storage life.

== Fruit and uses ==

The crisp, aromatic fruit is usually eaten fresh. It can also be made into jam, jelly, syrup, preserves, or desserts. The hollow fruit is light and delicate. Seeds and other plant parts have been reported as hazardous; use a reliable source before recommending medicinal or food use beyond the ripe flesh.

== Photos ==

[[File:Syzygium jambos Fruit and seeds IMG 4906.JPG|thumb|left|280px|Fruit cut open, showing the loose seeds.]]
[[File:Rose apple Syzygium jambos, AJT johnsingh. P1220996.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Cream-colored flowers.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Fruit page format/Rose apple|Rose apple commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are all welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and any conditions that may help other growers understand the result.

== Sources ==

* [https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rose_apple.html Morton: Rose Apple], ''Fruits of Warm Climates''.
* [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Syzygium+jambos Useful Tropical Plants: ''Syzygium jambos''].
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/ Plants of the World Online], taxonomy and accepted-name reference.

== Image credits ==

* Fruit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_fruit.jpg PMATAS], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Young leaves: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos-young_leaves.jpg Tonton Bernardo], CC BY-SA 3.0.
* Tree: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg Forest & Kim Starr], CC BY 3.0.
* Flowers: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_apple_Syzygium_jambos,_AJT_johnsingh._P1220996.jpg Ajtjohnsingh], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Fruit and seeds: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_Fruit_and_seeds_IMG_4906.JPG JonRichfield], CC BY-SA 3.0.

[[Category:Fruit page format]]
[[Category:Working copies]]
[[Category:Syzygium]]

Tlanoxtle

2026-08-03T21:05:02Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Tlanoxtle (''Lycianthes moziniana'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Botanical figure of ''Lycianthes moziniana'' var. ''moziniana''. Dean et al. (2020), CC BY 4.0.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Dunal) Bitter
|-
! Genus
| [[Lycianthes]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Fruit type
| Berry
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial herb from fusiform storage roots
|-
! Native range
| Central Mexico, mainly the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
|-
! Native elevation
| 1,600 to 3,000 m
|-
! Climate and hardiness
| Cool to mild highland climate; dies back seasonally and resprouts from underground roots
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 0.1 to 0.5 m; occasionally to 0.9 m
|-
! Soil
| Volcanic soils in disturbed fields, pastures, roadsides, and forest clearings
|-
! Sun
| Full sun to light shade
|-
! Germination
| N/A
|-
! Years to fruit
| N/A
|-
! Pollination
| Solitary bees; self-pollination may occur
|-
! Harvest
| Mature fruit collected September to December in the native range
|}

'''Tlanoxtle''' (''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Dunal) Bitter) is a perennial Mexican food plant in the genus [[Lycianthes]] and family [[Solanaceae]], the tomato and potato family. It produces juicy green berries that have been gathered for food and sold in traditional markets. The plant is not a tree: it dies back near or below the soil surface each season and returns from fusiform underground storage roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

The plant is a low perennial herb, usually 0.1 to 0.5 m tall, although specimens up to about 0.9 m have been recorded. Stems may be green to purple-green, with little woody tissue except near the base. The plant branches sympodially and may become decumbent, ascending, or erect as it grows. White, simple hairs cover the stems and leaves. The underground storage roots allow the above-ground growth to die back during the dry or cool part of the year and then resprout when conditions improve.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Leaves are simple and occur in unequal pairs on the upper shoots. The blades range from obovate and elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, with entire margins that may be undulate or irregularly angled. Flowers are solitary and axillary, carried horizontally on unusually long pedicels. The flowers have a shallow, round corolla and five poricidal anthers. A green calyx with ten narrow appendages is a useful identification character and helps distinguish ''Lycianthes'' from many wild ''Solanum'' species.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Field identification ==

Tlanoxtle is most reliably identified when flowers and fruit are present. Look for a low, hairy perennial with long, solitary flower stalks, a ten-appendaged calyx, and green berries whose enlarged fruiting calyx teeth remain appressed to the fruit. The botanical revision recognizes three varieties of ''L. moziniana''; the variety ''moziniana'' is the form associated with the traditional food plant and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup>

The name is also written as tlanochtle, tlalnonochtle, or tlanoxtle in regional material. Other recorded names include berenjita, chumpin, chimpina, huevo de gato, tintolón, tilindon, and coyotomate. These vernacular names can overlap with other Solanaceae, so a market or seed packet name should not be treated as a botanical identification without checking the plant's flowers and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The food-plant variety is concentrated in central Mexico, especially along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, at elevations from about 1,600 to 3,000 m. It grows in disturbed pastures, agricultural fields, paths, roadsides, and clearings in xerophilous shrubland, oak forest, and coniferous forest. Field observations from Querétaro recorded flowering at approximately 2,700 m during the summer rainy season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Native plants are associated mainly with volcanic soils rather than swampy ground. The important soil feature is not constant wetness: the plant occupies open, seasonally managed sites where the root zone is likely to drain and then dry between periods of rain. Give it a mineral, well-drained soil with organic matter, but avoid heavy clay that stays airless after rain. A raised bed is appropriate where winter or summer rainfall leaves water standing. The underground roots can carry the plant through a dry or cold rest, but the active shoots need moisture during the growing season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup>

This is a highland plant, not a lowland tropical perennial. Full sun and cool to mild temperatures are more appropriate than hot, humid conditions. In climates with freezing winters, mulch over the root zone and expect the top growth to disappear. Growers in warm climates should provide excellent drainage and some afternoon protection if plants decline in prolonged heat.

=== Soil ===

Tlanoxtle is associated with volcanic highland soils in open fields, pastures, shrubland, and forest clearings. These sites are generally mineral, porous, and seasonally dry rather than swampy. A gritty loam or volcanic soil with organic matter and rapid drainage is preferable; heavy clay should be raised or amended so winter and summer rains do not leave the root crown saturated.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Open-field populations receive full sun, although plants at forest edges may receive afternoon shade. The highland atmosphere is cooler and less continuously humid than a lowland tropical climate, with humidity increasing during summer rains. Avoid hot, stagnant conditions and provide airflow in warm climates.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The natural cycle is strongly seasonal: summer rains support active shoots and flowering, while the cooler, drier winter commonly brings dieback or a below-ground rest. Keep the plant drier during dormancy and resume moisture as new growth appears. At high elevations, cold nights can extend the dormant period even when daytime sun is strong.

== Propagation ==

* '''Seed''' is a documented natural propagation route. The plant persists through seed dispersed by people as well as through its underground root system.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Germination temperatures, storage life, and emergence times: N/A. Sow fresh, cleaned seed in a free-draining medium and keep it warm and evenly moist until emergence.
* '''Storage roots''' allow established plants to resprout after seasonal dieback. Avoid damaging them during dormancy and do not keep dormant roots in saturated soil.
* '''Cuttings and grafting''': N/A.

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering specimens of the food-plant variety have been collected from June through October. Mature fruit has been collected from September through December, placing the main native harvest in the latter part of the rainy season and the beginning of the cooler, drier season. Field observations report that the corollas open very early in the morning and close by noon.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Solitary bees in the genus ''Thygater'' have been observed visiting the flowers. The flower's staggered stamen development may bring the final anther close to the stigma and allow some self-pollination. Reliable fruit-set data for cultivated plants: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The berries are green when mature in the food-plant variety, roundish to oval, juicy, and up to approximately 4.15 cm in diameter. Their flavor has been described as sweet with a slight tartness or acidity, similar in general character to tomato. Fruit is eaten raw and has also been dried, boiled in sugar syrup, and preserved. Tlanoxtle fruit has been associated with traditional markets and offerings during Day of the Dead observances.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

David E. Williams reported an estimated field density of about 4,700 plants per hectare, with approximately 30 fruits per plant in one agricultural setting. That observation produced a calculated yield of about 1.25 metric tons per hectare, but it should be treated as a field observation rather than a modern commercial yield standard.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The botanical revision records medicinal use as a purgative in the State of Mexico. That is not a recommendation for home use. As with other Solanaceae, fruit should only be eaten when the plant is correctly identified and the fruit is at the documented mature stage; unripe fruit, leaves, and underground parts should not be assumed edible from the fruit's food history.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

No named horticultural cultivars were identified. The botanical revision recognizes the varieties ''moziniana'', ''margaretiana'', and ''oaxacana'', but they are not interchangeable in food use or climate adaptation. The food-plant tradition described here applies primarily to var. ''moziniana''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

A deep container is preferable because the plant develops fusiform storage roots. Use a mineral, sharply draining mix and keep the plant in full sun. Allow the top growth to die back naturally if it enters dormancy, then reduce watering without allowing the dormant root mass to remain wet. Resume regular moisture only when new shoots appear.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as a cool-season or highland perennial rather than a tropical fruit tree.
* Mulch heavily over the root zone where winter temperatures freeze the top growth.
* In hot climates, use morning sun, afternoon protection, and fast drainage.
* Do not plant it in a low spot where heavy clay stays saturated through winter.
* Preserve seed or root material from authenticated food-plant lines because the traditional agroecosystems supporting Tlanoxtle are declining.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Photos ==

[[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Tlanoxtle|Tlanoxtle commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/51904/ Dean et al. (2020), “The genus ''Lycianthes'' (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala,” ''PhytoKeys'' 168: 1–333]. Taxonomy, morphology, distribution, habitat, phenology, uses, and variety-level discussion.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907353 Williams (1993), “''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Solanaceae): An Underutilized Mexican Food Plant with ‘New’ Crop Potential,” ''Economic Botany'' 47: 387–400]. Food history, fruit use, field density, yield estimate, and traditional cultivation context.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://backyardnature.net/q/lycianth.htm Jim Conrad, Tlanoxtle, ''Lycianthes moziniana'']. Field observations from Querétaro, flower biology, flavor notes, and traditional-use summary.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Botanical figure: Dean et al. (2020), Figure 66, [https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.figure66 PhytoKeys], CC BY 4.0. Local copy: [[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg]].
* Field photographs and observations: [https://backyardnature.net/q/lycianth.htm Backyard Nature, Tlanoxtle].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit plants]]
[[Category:Lycianthes]]
[[Category:Mexican fruit plants]]
[[Category:Solanaceae]]

Eugenia involucrata

2026-08-03T21:05:02Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Cherry of the Rio Grande (''Eugenia involucrata'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Yvá namichai.(Eugenia aggregata Phyllocalyx involucratus (DC.).jpg|thumb|center|250px|Cherry of the Rio Grande. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Eugenia involucrata'' DC.
|-
! Genus
| [[Eugenia]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myrtaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Fruit type
| Fleshy berry
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-deciduous tree or large shrub
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia
|-
! Climate and hardiness
| Warm subtropical to tropical; brief cold near -6 °C may be tolerated by mature plants
|-
! Mature height
| Commonly 5 to 8 m; up to 15 m in native conditions
|-
! Growth rate
| Slow
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable, but prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acid soil
|-
! Sun
| Full sun to partial shade
|-
! Germination
| Sow fresh seed; seeds are short-lived when dried
|-
! Years to fruit
| About 3 to 5 years from seed, sometimes longer
|-
! Pollination
| Insects; at least partly self-fertile
|-
! Harvest
| Spring to early summer in subtropical cultivation; timing varies by region
|}

'''Cherry of the Rio Grande''' (''Eugenia involucrata''; synonyms include ''E. aggregata'' and ''Phyllocalyx involucratus'') is a Brazilian member of the genus [[Eugenia]] in the family [[Myrtaceae]], grown for its dark red to purple fruit. It is a compact, slow-growing tree or large shrub with glossy foliage, peeling bark, white flowers, and fruit that is usually eaten fresh. In southern Brazil it is harvested from the wild and cultivated for local markets.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

[[File:Cerella.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Tree and foliage of ''Eugenia involucrata'' in native habitat. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The plant is usually a compact, heavily branched tree or shrub, with a dense oval crown. It commonly reaches 5 to 8 m in cultivation, while plants in favorable native conditions can become considerably taller. Older bark peels in thin strips, leaving a smooth trunk. The leaves are opposite, narrow-elliptic, glossy, and dark green; new growth may flush bronze or reddish before hardening.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

White flowers are produced singly or in small axillary clusters. They have the typical myrtle-family form, with conspicuous stamens and a light, attractive appearance. Flowering is followed by oblong to oval berries with a persistent calyx at the tip. Fruit color moves from green through red to dark red or purple as it ripens.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit is generally about 2.5 to 3 cm long, thin-skinned, juicy, and subacid to sweet. It usually contains one seed, although fruit may contain two or none. The species is sometimes confused with other Brazilian ''Eugenia'' fruits, including grumichama and Surinam cherry, but its compact habit, peeling bark, solitary flowers, and elongated dark fruit help distinguish it.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

[[File:RFVC 024.jpg|thumb|right|260px|''Eugenia involucrata'' in cultivation. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

Cherry of the Rio Grande is native to southern and southeastern Brazil and adjacent parts of Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. It occurs in semi-deciduous and more open secondary forests, generally above about 350 m, and is suited to warm subtropical conditions rather than constant lowland heat.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

In its native environment it grows in forest soils with seasonal moisture and good internal drainage. A deep loam is useful, but the species is reported to succeed in a variety of soils. For cultivation, the best translation is a moisture-retentive but aerated soil, slightly acid to neutral. Avoid permanently waterlogged ground and dense, stagnant clay. Compacted clay should be raised or amended so the root zone drains after heavy rain. It is more drought tolerant once established than many small fruit trees, but flowering and fruiting benefit from regular moisture.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Give full sun for the heaviest flowering and fruiting, although young plants tolerate partial shade. Mature plants may withstand short temperature dips near -6 °C, but young plants are more vulnerable and should be protected from hard frost. In cool climates it can grow as an ornamental without producing a dependable crop.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

=== Soil ===

In southern Brazilian and neighboring forest habitats, cherry of the Rio Grande grows in leaf-litter-rich forest soils that retain moisture but drain internally. Deep loam, sandy loam, and amended woodland soil are suitable approximations. Avoid compacted clay and permanently saturated ground, especially where summer rain is heavy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Plants receive filtered light or broken sun in forest and secondary woodland, but established trees fruit more heavily with several hours of direct sun. The native atmosphere is humid, with regular rainfall and good canopy shelter. Young plants tolerate more shade than mature fruiting trees.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The species experiences warm growing periods with a cooler or drier season. Flowering and fruiting follow the local spring–summer cycle, while cooler winter conditions slow growth. Keep the root zone evenly moist during flowering and fruit swell, but reduce watering during cool weather when uptake is lower.

== Propagation ==

* '''Seed''' is the usual method. Sow cleaned seed as soon as possible because Eugenia seeds lose viability when allowed to dry. Germination is generally good when fresh, but seedlings grow slowly and may take 4 to 5 years to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
* '''Cuttings''' are possible under controlled mist and humidity but are less dependable than fresh seed. Clonal propagation remains useful for preserving fruit quality or unusually productive selections, but species-specific success rates are not consistent across sources.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
* '''Transplanting''' is best done while plants are small. Avoid disturbing the root system after the plant has become established in a large container.

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

White flowers are reported in spring, commonly from March through May in subtropical cultivation. Fruit follows several weeks later, with a commonly reported harvest period from April through June in Florida and similar climates. Local timing varies with winter temperature, rainfall, and the age of the tree.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The species is at least partly self-fertile, and insects visit the flowers. Cross-pollination may improve fruit set where more than one compatible plant is available. Fruit should be picked when fully colored and softening slightly. It bruises easily and is best eaten or processed soon after harvest.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Yvá namichai.(Eugenia aggregata Phyllocalyx involucratus (DC.).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Ripe fruit of the Cherry of the Rio Grande. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The fruit is eaten fresh and can also be made into jam, jelly, juice, or fermented drinks. Its thin skin and soft, juicy flesh make it a poor candidate for long-distance shipping. The flavor is usually described as sweet to subacid, with variation among seedlings and local selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree is also used as an ornamental and can be maintained as a compact specimen or hedge. Its slow growth, attractive bark, glossy foliage, and manageable size make it suitable for containers when given a large root volume and regular moisture.

== Pests and diseases ==

The species has no widely documented major disease complex, but fruit flies may attack ripening fruit. Dense, poorly ventilated growth can encourage fungal spotting, and wet, compacted soil can cause root problems. Good drainage, open branching, and prompt harvest are practical preventative measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars are uncommon. Seedling variation occurs in fruit size, sweetness, acidity, crop timing, and flesh firmness. A superior tree is best preserved by clonal propagation rather than by seed. The name ''Eugenia aggregata'' is widely encountered in older horticultural material and is treated as a synonym in current sources.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

Cherry of the Rio Grande is one of the more practical Eugenias for container culture. Use a deep, well-drained mix, maintain even moisture during flowering and fruit development, and provide full sun. Prune after fruiting to keep the plant compact. A container plant may fruit, but a large pot and several years of root development are usually required.

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect young plants from temperatures below freezing and protect mature trees during prolonged hard freezes.
* In marginal climates, plant against a warm south-facing wall or grow the tree in a movable container.
* A cool winter may allow survival without reliable flowering or fruiting.
* Avoid exposed, drying sites during flowering and fruit development.

== Photos ==

[[File:Cerella.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]
[[File:RFVC 024.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Eugenia involucrata|Cherry of the Rio Grande commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Eugenia+involucrata Useful Tropical Plants: ''Eugenia involucrata'']. Range, habitat, morphology, cultivation, propagation, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/cherryoftheriogrande.htm Growables: Cherry of the Rio Grande]. Fruit description, flowering and harvest, soil, hardiness, propagation, and horticultural uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=3437 San Marcos Growers: ''Eugenia involucrata'']. Habit, climate, and landscape performance.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Whole fruit and foliage: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yvá_namichai.(Eugenia_aggregata_Phyllocalyx_involucratus_(DC.).jpg Wikimedia Commons file]
* Native-habitat/tree image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eugenia_involucrata Wikimedia Commons, ''Eugenia involucrata'' category]
* Additional image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerella.jpg Wikimedia Commons file: Cerella.jpg]
* Additional image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RFVC_024.jpg Wikimedia Commons file: RFVC 024.jpg]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Eugenia]]
[[Category:Container fruit]]

Annona monticola

2026-08-03T21:05:02Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Mountain annona (''Annona monticola'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Fruit of ''Annona monticola'' at the Botanical Garden of Brasília. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Annona monticola'' Mart.
|-
! Genus
| [[Annona]]
|-
! Family
| [[Annonaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Magnoliales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Subshrub or shrub
|-
! Native range
| Eastern Bolivia to central Brazil
|-
! Native biome
| Seasonally dry tropical vegetation, including Brazilian Cerrado habitats
|-
! Mature height
| About 20 to 50 cm in the Flora e Funga treatment
|-
! Soil
| Terrestrial; often sandy and well drained in non-forest savanna vegetation
|-
! Flowers
| Solitary, terminal or leaf-opposed; cream to yellowish
|-
! Fruit
| Aggregate syncarp, obovoid, about 5 to 7 cm long
|-
! Propagation
| N/A
|-
! Harvest
| N/A
|}

'''Mountain annona''' (''Annona monticola'') is a small Brazilian and Bolivian member of the genus [[Annona]] in the family [[Annonaceae]], associated with seasonally dry tropical vegetation. Unlike the familiar cultivated custard apples and cherimoyas, it is a low subshrub associated with savanna and Cerrado environments. It is rarely cultivated, and species-specific propagation data are sparse.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Leaf surfaces of ''Annona monticola''. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

''Annona monticola'' is described as a subshrub or shrub, generally only 20 to 50 cm tall in the Flora e Funga treatment. Its stems are tomentose, and the petioles, lower leaf surfaces, flower stalks, bracts, sepals, and petals carry grayish to ochre hairs. The leaves are leathery, oblong-elliptic, and approximately 7 to 23 cm long by 4.5 to 10 cm wide, with an entire margin and impressed upper-surface venation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Flowers are solitary and terminal or opposite the leaves. They have three bracts, free sepals, six cream-colored petals, and densely hairy carpels. The combination of a low, sparsely branched habit, hairy vegetative parts, large leathery leaves, and solitary flowers separates it from the better-known fruit trees in the genus.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is an obovoid aggregate, approximately 5 to 7 cm long and 4.5 to 5.5 cm in diameter, with apiculate areoles and a tawny, silky-tomentose surface. The sources consulted document the fruit's morphology but do not establish a reliable flavor profile, crop size, or broad culinary tradition. Those details should be treated as observations to be filled in from authenticated plants rather than borrowed from other ''Annona'' species.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (2).jpg|thumb|right|260px|''Annona monticola'' in a Brazilian Cerrado botanical collection. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The accepted range extends from eastern Bolivia through central Brazil, and Plants of the World Online places the species primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. In Brazil it is associated with non-forest vegetation, including savanna formations of the Cerrado region.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Its native soil setting is terrestrial rather than swampy. The Flora e Funga habitat description includes non-forest vegetation on soils ranging from poorly to well drained, commonly with sandy conditions. For cultivation, a sharply drained mineral soil is the safer starting point: use sand, grit, or other coarse material where native soil is heavy. Do not assume that a plant from seasonally dry savanna will tolerate permanently saturated clay. A short wet season may be part of its natural cycle, but the root zone should be able to dry and re-aerate between rains.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Give full sun and warmth during active growth. Hardiness: N/A. In climates with cool winters, grow it as a container specimen.

=== Soil ===

The species is associated with seasonally dry Cerrado and other non-forest vegetation, where soils may be sandy and range from poorly to well drained. The native root zone is terrestrial rather than permanently swampy. Cultivation should provide a mineral, freely draining soil that can hold some moisture during the wet season without remaining saturated after storms.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Open native vegetation exposes the plant to full sun for much of the day. Humidity rises during the rainy season but is substantially lower during the dry season, so good air movement is normal. Give young plants protection from extreme drying until their roots are established, but avoid dense shade.

=== Seasonal changes ===

The plant is adapted to a pronounced wet–dry cycle. Active shoots, flowering, and fruit development are favored by the rainy season, while cooler or dry months may bring reduced growth or partial dormancy. Irrigation should support active growth without eliminating the dry interval that helps the root zone re-aerate.

== Propagation ==

N/A

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

The available botanical description records solitary flowers that may be terminal or leaf-opposed, with cream to yellowish petals. Annonaceae flowers are commonly visited by beetles, and ''A. monticola'' is included in a review of beetle pollinators in the Brazilian Cerrado. Species-specific fruit-set data: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Flowering calendar, fruiting season, and harvest index: N/A. The fruit should not be assumed to ripen or taste like a commercial sugar apple or cherimoya.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Foliage and habit of ''Annona monticola''. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The species produces an aggregate fruit with a hairy or silky-tomentose surface and apiculate areoles. Pulp flavor, texture, seed count, and food preparation: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The plant has value for Cerrado collections, botanical gardens, and growers interested in underrepresented Brazilian fruit relatives. A cultivated specimen should be documented with photographs of the whole plant, leaves, flowers, ripe fruit, and seeds so that future horticultural reports can be tied to a verified identity.

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

N/A

== Container growing ==

Container culture is the most practical way to trial this species outside a warm, seasonally dry climate. Use a deep but sharply draining mix, avoid a water-retentive saucer, and provide full sun. Because the plant is naturally small, container size should be increased gradually rather than placing a young plant immediately into a large volume of wet medium. Winter protection is advisable until cold tolerance is known.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive until a documented mature specimen demonstrates otherwise.
* Reproduce the seasonal pattern of the native habitat as closely as possible: bright light, a warm growing season, and a drier rest period if the plant becomes dormant.
* Use a raised bed or mineral container mix in areas with heavy rain or clay soil.
* Keep a written record of flowering, fruit development, dormancy, and winter minimum temperatures.

== Photos ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]
[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (2).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

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== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Annona monticola|Mountain annona commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72258-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Annona monticola'' Mart.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/FichaPublicaTaxonUC/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB117254 Flora e Funga do Brasil: ''Annona monticola'' Mart.]. Taxonomy, substrate, life form, morphology, flower characters, and fruit measurements.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/9/438 Coleopteran Pollinators of Annonaceae in the Brazilian Cerrado]. Review mentioning ''A. monticola'' in the context of Cerrado beetle pollination.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Fruit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Annona_monticola.jpg João Medeiros], CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
* Leaf and habit images: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Annona_monticola Wikimedia Commons, ''Annona monticola'' category].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Annona]]
[[Category:Cerrado plants]]

Syzygium jambos

2026-08-03T21:04:14Z

172.22.0.1: Add native soil, sun, humidity, and seasonal-change subsections

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Rose apple (''Syzygium jambos'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Syzygium jambos fruit.jpg|250px|Ripe fruit on the branch. Photo by PMATAS, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Syzygium jambos'' (L.) Alston
|-
! Genus
| [[Syzygium]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myrtaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Fruit type
| Fleshy berry
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen tree
|-
! Climate and hardiness
| USDA zones 9 to 11; zone 9 is marginal
|-
! Mature height
| 7.5 to 12 m (25 to 40 ft) in ground
|-
! Mature width
| Crown often wider than it is tall
|-
! Growth rate
| Slow as seedlings, speeds up once established
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; prefers deep, moist soil and tolerates wet feet
|-
! Water
| Regular moisture; tolerates seasonal dryness
|-
! Sun
| Full sun once established. Young trees want partial shade.
|-
! Germination
| 10 to 120 days from fresh seed; sow fresh
|-
! Years to fruit
| About 3 to 4 years from seed
|-
! Pollination
| Self-fertile. Bees and other insects do the work.
|-
! Yield
| Modest; about 2 kg per mature tree per season
|-
! Harvest
| Dry-season bloom; fruit early in the wet season
|}

'''Rose apple''' ('''''Syzygium jambos'''''; also Malabar plum, pomarrosa, jambu mawar, yambo) is a Southeast Asian tree in the genus [[Syzygium]] and family [[Myrtaceae]], grown for its showy rose-scented flowers and crisp, aromatic fruit. The fruit is hollow, with 1 to 4 seeds rattling loose in the center, and so perishable it rarely makes it to market. Native to Malaya and the East Indies, it is now naturalized across the tropics.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Description ==

[[File:Syzygium jambos-young leaves.jpg|thumb|left|240px|New foliage flushes rosy pink before maturing to glossy dark green. Photo by Tonton Bernardo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The common name "rose apple" is used for several ''Syzygium'' species. ''S. jambos'' can be recognized by the following combination of features:<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

* Lanceolate leaves 10 to 22 cm long, opposite, new flush rosy pink
* Big creamy-white flower puffs 5 to 10 cm across, made almost entirely of about 300 stamens
* Nearly round to slightly pear-shaped fruit, 4 to 5 cm, pale yellow to whitish skin, often pink-blushed, loose seeds rattling in a hollow center

* Rosewater scent when you rub or bite a ripe fruit

The species is usually a low-branching evergreen tree or large shrub, commonly 3 to 15 m tall. The bark is dark brown and fairly smooth, and the young twigs and mature leaves are glabrous. New leaves emerge reddish or rosy pink before turning glossy dark green. The leaves are lanceolate, generally 10 to 20 cm long, with a pointed tip and a short, inconspicuous petiole.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Flowers are produced in small terminal clusters on new growth. They are white to greenish white, and the numerous long stamens give each flower its conspicuous, powder-puff appearance. The flowers may be fragrant, but the strength of the scent varies. The ripe fruit is more consistently aromatic, with a strong floral or rosewater bouquet that accounts for the common name.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The fruit is thin-skinned, waxy, and usually 4 to 5 cm across. Its crisp, watery flesh surrounds a slightly fluffy hollow rather than the firm seed mass found in guava. One or two large, smooth seeds commonly lie loose in the cavity, although fruit may contain more. Shaking a ripe fruit can produce the characteristic rattle of the loose seeds. Fruit color ranges from pale yellow or greenish white to pink-blushed, and the skin bruises readily after harvest.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Most often confused with:

* '''Wax apple''' (''S. samarangense''): larger, glossy red or pink bell-shaped fruit, no rose scent
* '''Malay apple''' (''S. malaccense''): much bigger, deep red fruit
* '''Java plum''' (''S. cumini''): dark purple, astringent
* '''Watery rose apple''' (''S. aqueum''): pear-shaped, without the rose aroma

The rosewater scent of the ripe fruit is a useful field characteristic, but it should be considered alongside the leaf, flower, and fruit characters above.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

[[File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Mature tree habit, showing the dense crown and wide-spreading branches. Hana Highway, Maui. Photo by Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

A true tropical that can be grown in warm subtropical areas. It is generally listed for USDA zones 9 to 11, although zone 9 is marginal. The tree may survive with protection, but regular freezes usually prevent fruiting. At the cool edge of its range, including coastal California and San Francisco, it can grow vigorously without setting fruit. It flourishes with daytime temperatures of 18 to 38 °C, tolerates 5 to 40 °C, and grows from sea level to about 1,200 m in the tropics (2,300 m in Ecuador). Above those elevations, fruiting becomes unreliable.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup>

Provide regular moisture. In the wild it is commonly found along streams and can tolerate wetter soils than many fruit trees. It also tolerates semi-arid conditions, but prolonged dry periods reduce vigor and fruiting. It prefers 1,200 to 1,600 mm of annual rainfall and tolerates approximately 700 to 4,000 mm. The tree is moderately wind-resistant and tolerates seaside conditions, but it is not highly salt-tolerant and should be protected from direct salt spray. Young trees benefit from partial shade and do not transplant well, so pot them up early and plant them out while still small.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
Its native soil setting is best understood as moist, seasonally wet ground along canals, streams, and other low-lying drainage lines rather than permanently stagnant swamp. Deep loam is ideal, but the species also grows on sand and limestone with little organic matter. That combination suggests a tree that appreciates a steady water supply while still benefiting from aerated root zones. Heavy clay can work if excess water can drain away after rain; permanently waterlogged, anaerobic soil is a poorer choice even though the tree tolerates wet feet better than many fruit trees. In a garden, improve compacted clay with organic matter and use a raised planting position where water stands for more than a short period.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Soil ===

In its native tropical setting, rose apple is often found on deep, moisture-retentive soils beside streams, canals, and other drainage lines. These soils may be alluvial loams with a substantial leaf-litter layer. The species also tolerates sand and limestone soils, but natural wetness should not be confused with permanently stagnant swamp; roots still need oxygen and drainage between floods.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

=== Sun and humidity ===

Mature trees fruit best in full sun, while young trees benefit from partial shade during establishment. The native climate is humid and warm, with regular atmospheric moisture. Shelter from drying winds is useful even though established trees tolerate wind better than many tropical fruit trees.

=== Seasonal changes ===

Growth is strongest during warm, wet periods. In climates with a distinct dry season, flowering commonly occurs toward the end of the dry period and fruit develops as rains return. Cooler subtropical winters slow growth, and repeated frost can stop fruiting even where the tree survives.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

* '''Seed''' is the standard method. Seeds are recalcitrant, with no dormancy and a storage life measured in days, so sow them fresh after cleaning. Germination takes 10 to 120 days. Seeds are polyembryonic, meaning that one seed can produce 3 to 8 seedlings, most of them close to the parent type. Surface-sow in shade, firm the seed into the medium, and keep it moist. Young plants transplant poorly, so pot them individually before the roots become crowded.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
* '''Air-layering''' is the most useful clonal method. Spring layers treated with 1000 ppm NAA have produced about 60% rooting. Air-layers taken during the rainy season may fail to root. In West Bengal, air-layering is performed in July, with planting out in October and November.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
* '''Cuttings and grafting''' have produced inconsistent results. Hardwood cuttings did not root even with hormones, while semihardwood cuttings achieved about 20% success. Chip and T-budding were unsuccessful. Veneer grafting of spring-flush scions onto one-year-old rootstocks succeeded in about 31% of plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

In India, vegetative propagation work has focused on selecting and maintaining dwarf types. These selections may be particularly useful for container growers.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

[[File:Rose apple Syzygium jambos, AJT johnsingh. P1220996.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Cream-colored flowers in terminal clusters. Photo by Ajtjohnsingh, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The species is self-fertile, and bees and other insects provide pollination. Flowers are produced on new growth, from late winter through spring and early summer in the subtropics, and sporadically throughout the year in the deep tropics. A tree may carry ripening fruit while producing additional flowers.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

In the native Southeast Asian range the calendar follows the rains. Bloom comes in the dry season, and fruit follows 8 to 12 weeks later, early in the wet season. Regional examples:

* South India: blooms January, ripe March to April
* Central India: blooms February to April, ripe June to July
* Jamaica and Puerto Rico: sporadic nearly year-round, a bit less in summer
* Florida and Bahamas: main crop May to July<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Fruit is non-climacteric and should be harvested at full color. It bruises easily and deteriorates quickly after picking, which limits its value for commercial shipping. Crops are modest. A mature tree in India yields approximately 2 kg per season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Syzygium jambos Fruit and seeds IMG 4906.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Fruit cut open, showing the loose seeds in the hollow center. Photo by JonRichfield, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The fruit is best eaten fresh, when the skin and crisp flesh are still firm. The hollow center makes it light and refreshing, with a rosewater scent. Some descriptions compare the flavor to apple and watermelon with a mild rose aftertaste. Other uses include:

* Jam or jelly, usually with lemon juice to sharpen the delicate flavor
* Syrup for cold drinks
* Stewed with sugar as dessert
* Candied halved fruit the Jamaican way (stewed in heavy sugar syrup with cinnamon)
* Stuffed and baked (halved, filled with sweet or savory filling, baked about 20 minutes)

The flowers are edible and provide useful bee forage. The tree is a minor honey source in Cuba. The seeds should not be eaten; they are reported to be poisonous. Hydrocyanic acid has also been reported in the roots, stems, and leaves.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

The species has few serious insect problems. In humid climates, the main reported problems are:<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

* Aphids, with sooty mold following on the honeydew
* Leaf spots: ''Cercospora'', ''Gloeosporium'', ''Phyllosticta''; algal leaf spot (''Cephaleuros''); anthracnose
* Root rots (''Fusarium'', mushroom root rot) on badly drained sites

Container-grown plants may experience fewer leaf-spot and sooty-mold problems than trees grown in humid tropical conditions, especially when good air circulation is maintained.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Few formally named cultivars are documented.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> Most trees are seedling-grown, and polyembryony means that many seedlings remain reasonably close to the parent type. The most obvious variation is in fruit color, from pale yellow to pink-blushed, and in fruiting time. Some Indian selections fruit in February and March rather than during the usual June and July crop. India has also investigated vegetative propagation to maintain dwarf types.

Growers who find a tree with superior flavor, larger fruit, or an earlier season can preserve those traits by air-layering. Seedlings may not reproduce the parent tree exactly.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Rose apple is well suited to container culture.<sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup> It has a naturally branched habit, can fruit in a pot, and can be maintained at 2 to 3 m with regular pruning. This makes it a practical choice for growers in marginal climates who need to move the plant under cover during winter.

* '''Pot size:''' Start in a 5-gallon container and move to a 15- to 25-gallon container as the tree matures. Use a well-drained potting mix amended with perlite or pumice.
* '''Water:''' Keep the mix evenly moist, but do not allow the container to remain waterlogged. Container-grown trees dry out faster than trees in the ground.
* '''Fertilizer:''' Apply a complete fertilizer containing micronutrients two or three times per year. On high-pH soils or with alkaline irrigation water, watch for micronutrient deficiencies and use foliar correction when appropriate.
* '''Light:''' Full sun once established. Young plants benefit from some shade. In marginal zones, place the container where it receives maximum sun and reflected heat.
* '''Overwintering:''' Growers in zones 8 and 9 can keep a container tree in a greenhouse or move it indoors during freezes. It needs warmth to fruit, so a cool, dark winter may preserve the plant without maintaining productivity.
* '''Pruning:''' The tree tolerates hard pruning and has been used as a living fence in Guatemala. Prune to control height and width, and remove weak or crowded branches.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

For growers in zones 8 and 9 testing the limits of outdoor culture:

* Mature trees survive brief dips to -3 °C (26 °F), but young trees require protection.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup> Cover the canopy and mulch the root zone when frost threatens.
* Regular freezes usually prevent fruiting. In areas that freeze every winter, the tree is more likely to remain ornamental than productive.
* A south-facing wall, protection from frost pockets, and overhead canopy cover can improve an in-ground tree's chances by moderating cold.
* Container culture with winter protection is the most reliable strategy in marginal zones. The tree can be moved indoors or into a greenhouse during cold weather.
* In coastal California, the tree may grow vigorously without setting fruit. Adequate heat accumulation is important for flowering and fruit set.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] Morton, J. 1987. [https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rose_apple.html Rose Apple], ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. Purdue NewCROP. Includes descriptions of the fruit, seasons, propagation, yield, pests, uses, and reported hazards.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Syzygium+jambos Useful Tropical Plants: ''Syzygium jambos'']. Climate tolerances, polyembryony, germination, transplanting, and frost tolerance.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/RoseApple.htm Growables: ''Syzygium jambos'']. USDA zones, common names, and related species.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/rose_apple.htm Top Tropicals: Rose Apple]. Container culture, fruiting, care, and cold tolerance.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5">[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] [https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium%20jambos Plants For A Future: ''Syzygium jambos'']. Hardiness and reported hazards.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6">[[#cite_ref-6|↑]] [https://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2865 San Marcos Growers: ''Syzygium jambos'']. Frost tolerance and the relationship between cold conditions and fruiting.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Whole fruit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_fruit.jpg PMATAS], CC BY-SA 4.0
* Flowers: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_apple_Syzygium_jambos,_AJT_johnsingh._P1220996.jpg Ajtjohnsingh], CC BY-SA 4.0
* Young leaves: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos-young_leaves.jpg Tonton Bernardo], CC BY-SA 3.0
* Fruit and seeds: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_Fruit_and_seeds_IMG_4906.JPG JonRichfield], CC BY-SA 3.0
* Tree habit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg Forest & Kim Starr], CC BY 3.0

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Syzygium]]
[[Category:Container fruit]]
[[Category:Zone push]]

Tlanoxtle

2026-08-03T21:00:50Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears and reduce table whitespace

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Tlanoxtle (''Lycianthes moziniana'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Botanical figure of ''Lycianthes moziniana'' var. ''moziniana''. Dean et al. (2020), CC BY 4.0.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Dunal) Bitter
|-
! Genus
| [[Lycianthes]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Fruit type
| Berry
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial herb from fusiform storage roots
|-
! Native range
| Central Mexico, mainly the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
|-
! Native elevation
| 1,600 to 3,000 m
|-
! Climate and hardiness
| Cool to mild highland climate; dies back seasonally and resprouts from underground roots
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 0.1 to 0.5 m; occasionally to 0.9 m
|-
! Soil
| Volcanic soils in disturbed fields, pastures, roadsides, and forest clearings
|-
! Sun
| Full sun to light shade
|-
! Germination
| N/A
|-
! Years to fruit
| N/A
|-
! Pollination
| Solitary bees; self-pollination may occur
|-
! Harvest
| Mature fruit collected September to December in the native range
|}

'''Tlanoxtle''' (''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Dunal) Bitter) is a perennial Mexican food plant in the genus [[Lycianthes]] and family [[Solanaceae]], the tomato and potato family. It produces juicy green berries that have been gathered for food and sold in traditional markets. The plant is not a tree: it dies back near or below the soil surface each season and returns from fusiform underground storage roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

The plant is a low perennial herb, usually 0.1 to 0.5 m tall, although specimens up to about 0.9 m have been recorded. Stems may be green to purple-green, with little woody tissue except near the base. The plant branches sympodially and may become decumbent, ascending, or erect as it grows. White, simple hairs cover the stems and leaves. The underground storage roots allow the above-ground growth to die back during the dry or cool part of the year and then resprout when conditions improve.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Leaves are simple and occur in unequal pairs on the upper shoots. The blades range from obovate and elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, with entire margins that may be undulate or irregularly angled. Flowers are solitary and axillary, carried horizontally on unusually long pedicels. The flowers have a shallow, round corolla and five poricidal anthers. A green calyx with ten narrow appendages is a useful identification character and helps distinguish ''Lycianthes'' from many wild ''Solanum'' species.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Field identification ==

Tlanoxtle is most reliably identified when flowers and fruit are present. Look for a low, hairy perennial with long, solitary flower stalks, a ten-appendaged calyx, and green berries whose enlarged fruiting calyx teeth remain appressed to the fruit. The botanical revision recognizes three varieties of ''L. moziniana''; the variety ''moziniana'' is the form associated with the traditional food plant and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup>

The name is also written as tlanochtle, tlalnonochtle, or tlanoxtle in regional material. Other recorded names include berenjita, chumpin, chimpina, huevo de gato, tintolón, tilindon, and coyotomate. These vernacular names can overlap with other Solanaceae, so a market or seed packet name should not be treated as a botanical identification without checking the plant's flowers and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The food-plant variety is concentrated in central Mexico, especially along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, at elevations from about 1,600 to 3,000 m. It grows in disturbed pastures, agricultural fields, paths, roadsides, and clearings in xerophilous shrubland, oak forest, and coniferous forest. Field observations from Querétaro recorded flowering at approximately 2,700 m during the summer rainy season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

Native plants are associated mainly with volcanic soils rather than swampy ground. The important soil feature is not constant wetness: the plant occupies open, seasonally managed sites where the root zone is likely to drain and then dry between periods of rain. Give it a mineral, well-drained soil with organic matter, but avoid heavy clay that stays airless after rain. A raised bed is appropriate where winter or summer rainfall leaves water standing. The underground roots can carry the plant through a dry or cold rest, but the active shoots need moisture during the growing season.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup>

This is a highland plant, not a lowland tropical perennial. Full sun and cool to mild temperatures are more appropriate than hot, humid conditions. In climates with freezing winters, mulch over the root zone and expect the top growth to disappear. Growers in warm climates should provide excellent drainage and some afternoon protection if plants decline in prolonged heat.

== Propagation ==

* '''Seed''' is a documented natural propagation route. The plant persists through seed dispersed by people as well as through its underground root system.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup> Germination temperatures, storage life, and emergence times: N/A. Sow fresh, cleaned seed in a free-draining medium and keep it warm and evenly moist until emergence.
* '''Storage roots''' allow established plants to resprout after seasonal dieback. Avoid damaging them during dormancy and do not keep dormant roots in saturated soil.
* '''Cuttings and grafting''': N/A.

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering specimens of the food-plant variety have been collected from June through October. Mature fruit has been collected from September through December, placing the main native harvest in the latter part of the rainy season and the beginning of the cooler, drier season. Field observations report that the corollas open very early in the morning and close by noon.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Solitary bees in the genus ''Thygater'' have been observed visiting the flowers. The flower's staggered stamen development may bring the final anther close to the stigma and allow some self-pollination. Reliable fruit-set data for cultivated plants: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

The berries are green when mature in the food-plant variety, roundish to oval, juicy, and up to approximately 4.15 cm in diameter. Their flavor has been described as sweet with a slight tartness or acidity, similar in general character to tomato. Fruit is eaten raw and has also been dried, boiled in sugar syrup, and preserved. Tlanoxtle fruit has been associated with traditional markets and offerings during Day of the Dead observances.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

David E. Williams reported an estimated field density of about 4,700 plants per hectare, with approximately 30 fruits per plant in one agricultural setting. That observation produced a calculated yield of about 1.25 metric tons per hectare, but it should be treated as a field observation rather than a modern commercial yield standard.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The botanical revision records medicinal use as a purgative in the State of Mexico. That is not a recommendation for home use. As with other Solanaceae, fruit should only be eaten when the plant is correctly identified and the fruit is at the documented mature stage; unripe fruit, leaves, and underground parts should not be assumed edible from the fruit's food history.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

No named horticultural cultivars were identified. The botanical revision recognizes the varieties ''moziniana'', ''margaretiana'', and ''oaxacana'', but they are not interchangeable in food use or climate adaptation. The food-plant tradition described here applies primarily to var. ''moziniana''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

A deep container is preferable because the plant develops fusiform storage roots. Use a mineral, sharply draining mix and keep the plant in full sun. Allow the top growth to die back naturally if it enters dormancy, then reduce watering without allowing the dormant root mass to remain wet. Resume regular moisture only when new shoots appear.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as a cool-season or highland perennial rather than a tropical fruit tree.
* Mulch heavily over the root zone where winter temperatures freeze the top growth.
* In hot climates, use morning sun, afternoon protection, and fast drainage.
* Do not plant it in a low spot where heavy clay stays saturated through winter.
* Preserve seed or root material from authenticated food-plant lines because the traditional agroecosystems supporting Tlanoxtle are declining.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Photos ==

[[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Tlanoxtle|Tlanoxtle commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/51904/ Dean et al. (2020), “The genus ''Lycianthes'' (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala,” ''PhytoKeys'' 168: 1–333]. Taxonomy, morphology, distribution, habitat, phenology, uses, and variety-level discussion.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907353 Williams (1993), “''Lycianthes moziniana'' (Solanaceae): An Underutilized Mexican Food Plant with ‘New’ Crop Potential,” ''Economic Botany'' 47: 387–400]. Food history, fruit use, field density, yield estimate, and traditional cultivation context.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://backyardnature.net/q/lycianth.htm Jim Conrad, Tlanoxtle, ''Lycianthes moziniana'']. Field observations from Querétaro, flower biology, flavor notes, and traditional-use summary.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Botanical figure: Dean et al. (2020), Figure 66, [https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.figure66 PhytoKeys], CC BY 4.0. Local copy: [[File:Lycianthes moziniana Figure 66.jpg]].
* Field photographs and observations: [https://backyardnature.net/q/lycianth.htm Backyard Nature, Tlanoxtle].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit plants]]
[[Category:Lycianthes]]
[[Category:Mexican fruit plants]]
[[Category:Solanaceae]]

Fruit page format/Rose apple

2026-08-03T21:00:50Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears and reduce table whitespace

'''Working copy: default fruit-page format'''

This is a working example of the compact standard format for fruit pages. It is based on the canonical [[Syzygium jambos|Rose apple]] article, but keeps the default structure short and expandable. Empty or unsupported fields should be omitted rather than padded.

'''Rose apple''' ('''''Syzygium jambos''''') is an evergreen tropical tree grown for its fragrant flowers and crisp, rose-scented fruit.

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Syzygium jambos fruit.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Ripe fruit on the branch.]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Rose apple (''Syzygium jambos'')
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Syzygium jambos'' (L.) Alston
|-
! Common names
| Rose apple, Malabar plum, pomarrosa, jambu mawar
|-
! Genus
| ''[[Syzygium]]''
|-
! Family
| ''[[Myrtaceae]]''
|-
! Order
| ''[[Myrtales]]''
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen tree
|-
! Mature size
| About 7.5–12 m in ground; smaller with pruning
|-
! Climate
| Tropical to warm subtropical; USDA zones 9–11, with zone 9 marginal
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed; air-layering for clonal plants
|-
! Germination
| About 10–120 days from fresh seed
|-
! Years to fruit
| About 3–4 years from seed under favorable conditions
|-
! Pollination
| Generally self-fertile; insects visit the flowers
|-
! Fruit season
| Varies by climate; often follows the wet season
|}

== Identification and description ==

''Syzygium jambos'' has opposite, lance-shaped leaves, often with a rosy flush of new growth. The large cream-colored flowers are made mostly of conspicuous stamens. The nearly round or slightly pear-shaped fruit is usually pale yellow to whitish, sometimes pink-blushed, with crisp flesh and a hollow center containing loose seeds. A rosewater-like scent is a useful clue.

It can be confused with wax apple (''S. samarangense''), Malay apple (''S. malaccense''), watery rose apple (''S. aqueum''), and other plants sold under the name rose apple.

[[File:Syzygium jambos-young leaves.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rosy new foliage.]]

== Growing ==

Rose apple prefers warm, mostly frost-free conditions, regular moisture, and full sun once established. Young plants benefit from partial shade and should be transplanted while small because root disturbance can set them back. It tolerates a range of soils, including wet sites, but deep soil with reliable moisture is generally productive. Protect it from repeated freezes and direct salt spray.

[[File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Mature tree habit.]]

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual method. The seeds should not be allowed to dry and do not normally require stratification. Sow them shallowly in a moist medium and separate seedlings before their roots become crowded. Seedlings may be reasonably close to the parent, but superior fruiting plants are better preserved by air-layering or another clonal method.

== Flowering, fruiting, and harvest ==

The species is generally self-fertile and is visited by bees and other insects. Flowering and harvest vary with climate; in tropical regions flowering may be seasonal or sporadic. Fruit commonly follows flowering within several weeks. Harvest at full color because the fruit bruises easily and has a short storage life.

== Fruit and uses ==

The crisp, aromatic fruit is usually eaten fresh. It can also be made into jam, jelly, syrup, preserves, or desserts. The hollow fruit is light and delicate. Seeds and other plant parts have been reported as hazardous; use a reliable source before recommending medicinal or food use beyond the ripe flesh.

== Photos ==

[[File:Syzygium jambos Fruit and seeds IMG 4906.JPG|thumb|left|280px|Fruit cut open, showing the loose seeds.]]
[[File:Rose apple Syzygium jambos, AJT johnsingh. P1220996.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Cream-colored flowers.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Fruit page format/Rose apple|Rose apple commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are all welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and any conditions that may help other growers understand the result.

== Sources ==

* [https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/rose_apple.html Morton: Rose Apple], ''Fruits of Warm Climates''.
* [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Syzygium+jambos Useful Tropical Plants: ''Syzygium jambos''].
* [https://powo.science.kew.org/ Plants of the World Online], taxonomy and accepted-name reference.

== Image credits ==

* Fruit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_fruit.jpg PMATAS], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Young leaves: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos-young_leaves.jpg Tonton Bernardo], CC BY-SA 3.0.
* Tree: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_050107-2977_Syzygium_jambos.jpg Forest & Kim Starr], CC BY 3.0.
* Flowers: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_apple_Syzygium_jambos,_AJT_johnsingh._P1220996.jpg Ajtjohnsingh], CC BY-SA 4.0.
* Fruit and seeds: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_jambos_Fruit_and_seeds_IMG_4906.JPG JonRichfield], CC BY-SA 3.0.

[[Category:Fruit page format]]
[[Category:Working copies]]
[[Category:Syzygium]]

Eugenia involucrata

2026-08-03T21:00:50Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears and reduce table whitespace

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Cherry of the Rio Grande (''Eugenia involucrata'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Yvá namichai.(Eugenia aggregata Phyllocalyx involucratus (DC.).jpg|thumb|center|250px|Cherry of the Rio Grande. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Eugenia involucrata'' DC.
|-
! Genus
| [[Eugenia]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myrtaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Myrtales]]
|-
! Fruit type
| Fleshy berry
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-deciduous tree or large shrub
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia
|-
! Climate and hardiness
| Warm subtropical to tropical; brief cold near -6 °C may be tolerated by mature plants
|-
! Mature height
| Commonly 5 to 8 m; up to 15 m in native conditions
|-
! Growth rate
| Slow
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable, but prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acid soil
|-
! Sun
| Full sun to partial shade
|-
! Germination
| Sow fresh seed; seeds are short-lived when dried
|-
! Years to fruit
| About 3 to 5 years from seed, sometimes longer
|-
! Pollination
| Insects; at least partly self-fertile
|-
! Harvest
| Spring to early summer in subtropical cultivation; timing varies by region
|}

'''Cherry of the Rio Grande''' (''Eugenia involucrata''; synonyms include ''E. aggregata'' and ''Phyllocalyx involucratus'') is a Brazilian member of the genus [[Eugenia]] in the family [[Myrtaceae]], grown for its dark red to purple fruit. It is a compact, slow-growing tree or large shrub with glossy foliage, peeling bark, white flowers, and fruit that is usually eaten fresh. In southern Brazil it is harvested from the wild and cultivated for local markets.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

[[File:Cerella.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Tree and foliage of ''Eugenia involucrata'' in native habitat. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The plant is usually a compact, heavily branched tree or shrub, with a dense oval crown. It commonly reaches 5 to 8 m in cultivation, while plants in favorable native conditions can become considerably taller. Older bark peels in thin strips, leaving a smooth trunk. The leaves are opposite, narrow-elliptic, glossy, and dark green; new growth may flush bronze or reddish before hardening.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

White flowers are produced singly or in small axillary clusters. They have the typical myrtle-family form, with conspicuous stamens and a light, attractive appearance. Flowering is followed by oblong to oval berries with a persistent calyx at the tip. Fruit color moves from green through red to dark red or purple as it ripens.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit is generally about 2.5 to 3 cm long, thin-skinned, juicy, and subacid to sweet. It usually contains one seed, although fruit may contain two or none. The species is sometimes confused with other Brazilian ''Eugenia'' fruits, including grumichama and Surinam cherry, but its compact habit, peeling bark, solitary flowers, and elongated dark fruit help distinguish it.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

[[File:RFVC 024.jpg|thumb|right|260px|''Eugenia involucrata'' in cultivation. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

Cherry of the Rio Grande is native to southern and southeastern Brazil and adjacent parts of Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. It occurs in semi-deciduous and more open secondary forests, generally above about 350 m, and is suited to warm subtropical conditions rather than constant lowland heat.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

In its native environment it grows in forest soils with seasonal moisture and good internal drainage. A deep loam is useful, but the species is reported to succeed in a variety of soils. For cultivation, the best translation is a moisture-retentive but aerated soil, slightly acid to neutral. Avoid permanently waterlogged ground and dense, stagnant clay. Compacted clay should be raised or amended so the root zone drains after heavy rain. It is more drought tolerant once established than many small fruit trees, but flowering and fruiting benefit from regular moisture.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Give full sun for the heaviest flowering and fruiting, although young plants tolerate partial shade. Mature plants may withstand short temperature dips near -6 °C, but young plants are more vulnerable and should be protected from hard frost. In cool climates it can grow as an ornamental without producing a dependable crop.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

* '''Seed''' is the usual method. Sow cleaned seed as soon as possible because Eugenia seeds lose viability when allowed to dry. Germination is generally good when fresh, but seedlings grow slowly and may take 4 to 5 years to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>
* '''Cuttings''' are possible under controlled mist and humidity but are less dependable than fresh seed. Clonal propagation remains useful for preserving fruit quality or unusually productive selections, but species-specific success rates are not consistent across sources.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>
* '''Transplanting''' is best done while plants are small. Avoid disturbing the root system after the plant has become established in a large container.

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

White flowers are reported in spring, commonly from March through May in subtropical cultivation. Fruit follows several weeks later, with a commonly reported harvest period from April through June in Florida and similar climates. Local timing varies with winter temperature, rainfall, and the age of the tree.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The species is at least partly self-fertile, and insects visit the flowers. Cross-pollination may improve fruit set where more than one compatible plant is available. Fruit should be picked when fully colored and softening slightly. It bruises easily and is best eaten or processed soon after harvest.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Yvá namichai.(Eugenia aggregata Phyllocalyx involucratus (DC.).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Ripe fruit of the Cherry of the Rio Grande. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The fruit is eaten fresh and can also be made into jam, jelly, juice, or fermented drinks. Its thin skin and soft, juicy flesh make it a poor candidate for long-distance shipping. The flavor is usually described as sweet to subacid, with variation among seedlings and local selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree is also used as an ornamental and can be maintained as a compact specimen or hedge. Its slow growth, attractive bark, glossy foliage, and manageable size make it suitable for containers when given a large root volume and regular moisture.

== Pests and diseases ==

The species has no widely documented major disease complex, but fruit flies may attack ripening fruit. Dense, poorly ventilated growth can encourage fungal spotting, and wet, compacted soil can cause root problems. Good drainage, open branching, and prompt harvest are practical preventative measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars are uncommon. Seedling variation occurs in fruit size, sweetness, acidity, crop timing, and flesh firmness. A superior tree is best preserved by clonal propagation rather than by seed. The name ''Eugenia aggregata'' is widely encountered in older horticultural material and is treated as a synonym in current sources.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Container growing ==

Cherry of the Rio Grande is one of the more practical Eugenias for container culture. Use a deep, well-drained mix, maintain even moisture during flowering and fruit development, and provide full sun. Prune after fruiting to keep the plant compact. A container plant may fruit, but a large pot and several years of root development are usually required.

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect young plants from temperatures below freezing and protect mature trees during prolonged hard freezes.
* In marginal climates, plant against a warm south-facing wall or grow the tree in a movable container.
* A cool winter may allow survival without reliable flowering or fruiting.
* Avoid exposed, drying sites during flowering and fruit development.

== Photos ==

[[File:Cerella.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]
[[File:RFVC 024.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Eugenia involucrata|Cherry of the Rio Grande commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Eugenia+involucrata Useful Tropical Plants: ''Eugenia involucrata'']. Range, habitat, morphology, cultivation, propagation, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/cherryoftheriogrande.htm Growables: Cherry of the Rio Grande]. Fruit description, flowering and harvest, soil, hardiness, propagation, and horticultural uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=3437 San Marcos Growers: ''Eugenia involucrata'']. Habit, climate, and landscape performance.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Whole fruit and foliage: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yvá_namichai.(Eugenia_aggregata_Phyllocalyx_involucratus_(DC.).jpg Wikimedia Commons file]
* Native-habitat/tree image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eugenia_involucrata Wikimedia Commons, ''Eugenia involucrata'' category]
* Additional image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerella.jpg Wikimedia Commons file: Cerella.jpg]
* Additional image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RFVC_024.jpg Wikimedia Commons file: RFVC 024.jpg]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Eugenia]]
[[Category:Container fruit]]

Annona monticola

2026-08-03T21:00:50Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears and reduce table whitespace

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Mountain annona (''Annona monticola'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Fruit of ''Annona monticola'' at the Botanical Garden of Brasília. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Annona monticola'' Mart.
|-
! Genus
| [[Annona]]
|-
! Family
| [[Annonaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Magnoliales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Subshrub or shrub
|-
! Native range
| Eastern Bolivia to central Brazil
|-
! Native biome
| Seasonally dry tropical vegetation, including Brazilian Cerrado habitats
|-
! Mature height
| About 20 to 50 cm in the Flora e Funga treatment
|-
! Soil
| Terrestrial; often sandy and well drained in non-forest savanna vegetation
|-
! Flowers
| Solitary, terminal or leaf-opposed; cream to yellowish
|-
! Fruit
| Aggregate syncarp, obovoid, about 5 to 7 cm long
|-
! Propagation
| N/A
|-
! Harvest
| N/A
|}

'''Mountain annona''' (''Annona monticola'') is a small Brazilian and Bolivian member of the genus [[Annona]] in the family [[Annonaceae]], associated with seasonally dry tropical vegetation. Unlike the familiar cultivated custard apples and cherimoyas, it is a low subshrub associated with savanna and Cerrado environments. It is rarely cultivated, and species-specific propagation data are sparse.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Identification and description ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Leaf surfaces of ''Annona monticola''. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

''Annona monticola'' is described as a subshrub or shrub, generally only 20 to 50 cm tall in the Flora e Funga treatment. Its stems are tomentose, and the petioles, lower leaf surfaces, flower stalks, bracts, sepals, and petals carry grayish to ochre hairs. The leaves are leathery, oblong-elliptic, and approximately 7 to 23 cm long by 4.5 to 10 cm wide, with an entire margin and impressed upper-surface venation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Flowers are solitary and terminal or opposite the leaves. They have three bracts, free sepals, six cream-colored petals, and densely hairy carpels. The combination of a low, sparsely branched habit, hairy vegetative parts, large leathery leaves, and solitary flowers separates it from the better-known fruit trees in the genus.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is an obovoid aggregate, approximately 5 to 7 cm long and 4.5 to 5.5 cm in diameter, with apiculate areoles and a tawny, silky-tomentose surface. The sources consulted document the fruit's morphology but do not establish a reliable flavor profile, crop size, or broad culinary tradition. Those details should be treated as observations to be filled in from authenticated plants rather than borrowed from other ''Annona'' species.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (2).jpg|thumb|right|260px|''Annona monticola'' in a Brazilian Cerrado botanical collection. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The accepted range extends from eastern Bolivia through central Brazil, and Plants of the World Online places the species primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. In Brazil it is associated with non-forest vegetation, including savanna formations of the Cerrado region.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Its native soil setting is terrestrial rather than swampy. The Flora e Funga habitat description includes non-forest vegetation on soils ranging from poorly to well drained, commonly with sandy conditions. For cultivation, a sharply drained mineral soil is the safer starting point: use sand, grit, or other coarse material where native soil is heavy. Do not assume that a plant from seasonally dry savanna will tolerate permanently saturated clay. A short wet season may be part of its natural cycle, but the root zone should be able to dry and re-aerate between rains.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Give full sun and warmth during active growth. Hardiness: N/A. In climates with cool winters, grow it as a container specimen.

== Propagation ==

N/A

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

The available botanical description records solitary flowers that may be terminal or leaf-opposed, with cream to yellowish petals. Annonaceae flowers are commonly visited by beetles, and ''A. monticola'' is included in a review of beetle pollinators in the Brazilian Cerrado. Species-specific fruit-set data: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Flowering calendar, fruiting season, and harvest index: N/A. The fruit should not be assumed to ripen or taste like a commercial sugar apple or cherimoya.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Foliage and habit of ''Annona monticola''. Photo by João Medeiros, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.]]

The species produces an aggregate fruit with a hairy or silky-tomentose surface and apiculate areoles. Pulp flavor, texture, seed count, and food preparation: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The plant has value for Cerrado collections, botanical gardens, and growers interested in underrepresented Brazilian fruit relatives. A cultivated specimen should be documented with photographs of the whole plant, leaves, flowers, ripe fruit, and seeds so that future horticultural reports can be tied to a verified identity.

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

N/A

== Container growing ==

Container culture is the most practical way to trial this species outside a warm, seasonally dry climate. Use a deep but sharply draining mix, avoid a water-retentive saucer, and provide full sun. Because the plant is naturally small, container size should be increased gradually rather than placing a young plant immediately into a large volume of wet medium. Winter protection is advisable until cold tolerance is known.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive until a documented mature specimen demonstrates otherwise.
* Reproduce the seasonal pattern of the native habitat as closely as possible: bright light, a warm growing season, and a drier rest period if the plant becomes dormant.
* Use a raised bed or mineral container mix in areas with heavy rain or clay soil.
* Keep a written record of flowering, fruit development, dormancy, and winter minimum temperatures.

== Photos ==

[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (1).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]
[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Annona monticola (2).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Additional photograph for identification.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Commentary ==

Share your experience growing this plant on the [[Talk:Annona monticola|Mountain annona commentary page]]. Notes about climate, propagation, container culture, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality, pests, and unusual local selections are welcome.

When possible, include your location or climate, how the plant was propagated, its age, and the conditions it was grown in.

== Sources ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72258-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Annona monticola'' Mart.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/FichaPublicaTaxonUC/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB117254 Flora e Funga do Brasil: ''Annona monticola'' Mart.]. Taxonomy, substrate, life form, morphology, flower characters, and fruit measurements.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/9/438 Coleopteran Pollinators of Annonaceae in the Brazilian Cerrado]. Review mentioning ''A. monticola'' in the context of Cerrado beetle pollination.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Fruit: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Annona_monticola.jpg João Medeiros], CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
* Leaf and habit images: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Annona_monticola Wikimedia Commons, ''Annona monticola'' category].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Annona]]
[[Category:Cerrado plants]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T20:58:43Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears to reduce whitespace after images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Morella rubra (fruits).jpg|250px|Yangmei fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Myrica rubra - Urban Greening Botanical Garden - Kiba Park - Koto, Tokyo, Japan - DSC05290.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Yangmei tree.]]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Myrica rubra, Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan SA310003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Yangmei fruiting branch.]]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

[[File:楊梅雄株 Myrica rubra male 20211212070230 05.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Male flowers.]]
[[File:楊梅雌株 Myrica rubra female 20211212070230 01.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Female flowers.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T20:57:38Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears to reduce whitespace after images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Kadsura coccinea leaves and fruits.jpg|250px|Kadsura leaves and fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Kadsura coccinea.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Kadsura vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Kadsura coccinea and salacca zalacca fruits.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit.]]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

[[File:Blacktiger resurrectionlily medicinal wine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit product.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T20:57:38Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears to reduce whitespace after images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Nanche.jpg|250px|Ripe nance fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia (7554340816).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Nance plant and foliage.]]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia(Fruto).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nance fruit.]]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

[[File:Byrsonima Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Nance flowers.]]
[[File:Malpighiaceae- Byrsonima crassifolia (nance).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Nance foliage.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T20:57:38Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears to reduce whitespace after images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Passionfruit and cross section.jpg|250px|Passionfruit and cross section.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Passiflora edulis (84060).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Passionfruit vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Open passionfruit.]]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Flowers of Passiflora edulis.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Passionfruit flowers.]]
[[File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Yellow passionfruit.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T20:57:38Z

172.22.0.1: Remove premature float clears to reduce whitespace after images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanaceae- Solanum quitoense (lulillo, naranjilla).jpg|250px|Ripe naranjilla fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Solanum quitoense (plant and fruits) in Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Naranjilla plant with fruits.]]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Lulo - Solanum quitoense.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lulo fruit.]]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

[[File:Solanum quitoense - flor de lulo o naranjilla.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Naranjilla flower.]]
[[File:Solanum quitoense, the Naranjillo (11396994756).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Naranjilla foliage and fruit.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T20:54:00Z

172.22.0.1: Allow lead and description text to wrap beside plant table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Morella rubra (fruits).jpg|250px|Yangmei fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Myrica rubra - Urban Greening Botanical Garden - Kiba Park - Koto, Tokyo, Japan - DSC05290.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Yangmei tree.]]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Myrica rubra, Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan SA310003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Yangmei fruiting branch.]]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

[[File:楊梅雄株 Myrica rubra male 20211212070230 05.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Male flowers.]]
[[File:楊梅雌株 Myrica rubra female 20211212070230 01.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Female flowers.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T20:52:55Z

172.22.0.1: Allow lead and description text to wrap beside plant table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Kadsura coccinea leaves and fruits.jpg|250px|Kadsura leaves and fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Kadsura coccinea.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Kadsura vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Kadsura coccinea and salacca zalacca fruits.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit.]]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

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== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

[[File:Blacktiger resurrectionlily medicinal wine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit product.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T20:52:55Z

172.22.0.1: Allow lead and description text to wrap beside plant table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Nanche.jpg|250px|Ripe nance fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia (7554340816).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Nance plant and foliage.]]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia(Fruto).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nance fruit.]]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

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== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

[[File:Byrsonima Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Nance flowers.]]
[[File:Malpighiaceae- Byrsonima crassifolia (nance).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Nance foliage.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T20:52:54Z

172.22.0.1: Allow lead and description text to wrap beside plant table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Passionfruit and cross section.jpg|250px|Passionfruit and cross section.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Passiflora edulis (84060).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Passionfruit vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Open passionfruit.]]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

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== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

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== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Flowers of Passiflora edulis.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Passionfruit flowers.]]
[[File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Yellow passionfruit.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T20:52:54Z

172.22.0.1: Allow lead and description text to wrap beside plant table

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanaceae- Solanum quitoense (lulillo, naranjilla).jpg|250px|Ripe naranjilla fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Solanum quitoense (plant and fruits) in Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Naranjilla plant with fruits.]]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Lulo - Solanum quitoense.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lulo fruit.]]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

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== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

[[File:Solanum quitoense - flor de lulo o naranjilla.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Naranjilla flower.]]
[[File:Solanum quitoense, the Naranjillo (11396994756).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Naranjilla foliage and fruit.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T17:08:01Z

172.22.0.1: Clear thumbnail floats after Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Kadsura coccinea leaves and fruits.jpg|250px|Kadsura leaves and fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Kadsura coccinea.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Kadsura vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Kadsura coccinea and salacca zalacca fruits.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit.]]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

[[File:Blacktiger resurrectionlily medicinal wine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit product.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T17:06:46Z

172.22.0.1: Clear thumbnail floats after Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Morella rubra (fruits).jpg|250px|Yangmei fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Myrica rubra - Urban Greening Botanical Garden - Kiba Park - Koto, Tokyo, Japan - DSC05290.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Yangmei tree.]]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Myrica rubra, Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan SA310003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Yangmei fruiting branch.]]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

[[File:楊梅雄株 Myrica rubra male 20211212070230 05.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Male flowers.]]
[[File:楊梅雌株 Myrica rubra female 20211212070230 01.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Female flowers.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T17:05:41Z

172.22.0.1: Clear thumbnail floats after Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Nanche.jpg|250px|Ripe nance fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia (7554340816).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Nance plant and foliage.]]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia(Fruto).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nance fruit.]]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

[[File:Byrsonima Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Nance flowers.]]
[[File:Malpighiaceae- Byrsonima crassifolia (nance).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Nance foliage.]]

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T17:05:41Z

172.22.0.1: Clear thumbnail floats after Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Passionfruit and cross section.jpg|250px|Passionfruit and cross section.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Passiflora edulis (84060).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Passionfruit vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Open passionfruit.]]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

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== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

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== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Flowers of Passiflora edulis.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Passionfruit flowers.]]
[[File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Yellow passionfruit.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T17:05:41Z

172.22.0.1: Clear thumbnail floats after Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanaceae- Solanum quitoense (lulillo, naranjilla).jpg|250px|Ripe naranjilla fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Solanum quitoense (plant and fruits) in Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Naranjilla plant with fruits.]]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Lulo - Solanum quitoense.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lulo fruit.]]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

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== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

[[File:Solanum quitoense - flor de lulo o naranjilla.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Naranjilla flower.]]
[[File:Solanum quitoense, the Naranjillo (11396994756).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Naranjilla foliage and fruit.]]

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[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T17:04:42Z

172.22.0.1: Use Rose Apple-style inline thumbnails for all plant images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Morella rubra (fruits).jpg|250px|Yangmei fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Myrica rubra - Urban Greening Botanical Garden - Kiba Park - Koto, Tokyo, Japan - DSC05290.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Yangmei tree.]]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Myrica rubra, Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan SA310003.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Yangmei fruiting branch.]]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

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== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

[[File:楊梅雄株 Myrica rubra male 20211212070230 05.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Male flowers.]]
[[File:楊梅雌株 Myrica rubra female 20211212070230 01.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Female flowers.]]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T17:03:34Z

172.22.0.1: Use Rose Apple-style inline thumbnails for all plant images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Kadsura coccinea leaves and fruits.jpg|250px|Kadsura leaves and fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Kadsura coccinea.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Kadsura vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Kadsura coccinea and salacca zalacca fruits.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit.]]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

[[File:Blacktiger resurrectionlily medicinal wine.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kadsura fruit product.]]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T17:03:30Z

172.22.0.1: Use Rose Apple-style inline thumbnails for all plant images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Nanche.jpg|250px|Ripe nance fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia (7554340816).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Nance plant and foliage.]]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Byrsonima crassifolia(Fruto).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nance fruit.]]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

[[File:Byrsonima Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG|thumb|right|260px|Nance flowers.]]
[[File:Malpighiaceae- Byrsonima crassifolia (nance).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Nance foliage.]]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T17:03:26Z

172.22.0.1: Use Rose Apple-style inline thumbnails for all plant images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Passionfruit and cross section.jpg|250px|Passionfruit and cross section.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Passiflora edulis (84060).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Passionfruit vine and foliage.]]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Open passionfruit.]]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

[[File:Flowers of Passiflora edulis.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Passionfruit flowers.]]
[[File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Yellow passionfruit.]]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T17:03:22Z

172.22.0.1: Use Rose Apple-style inline thumbnails for all plant images

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Solanaceae- Solanum quitoense (lulillo, naranjilla).jpg|250px|Ripe naranjilla fruit.]]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[[File:Solanum quitoense (plant and fruits) in Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Naranjilla plant with fruits.]]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[[File:Lulo - Solanum quitoense.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Lulo fruit.]]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

[[File:Solanum quitoense - flor de lulo o naranjilla.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Naranjilla flower.]]
[[File:Solanum quitoense, the Naranjillo (11396994756).jpg|thumb|left|260px|Naranjilla foliage and fruit.]]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T16:58:01Z

172.22.0.1: Add distinct plant photos and Wikipedia-style Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Morella_rubra_%28fruits%29.jpg Yangmei fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg Yangmei tree]

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Myrica_rubra%2C_Tatsuno%2C_Hyogo_Prefecture%2C_Japan_SA310003.jpg Yangmei fruiting branch]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

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== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_-_Urban_Greening_Botanical_Garden_-_Kiba_Park_-_Koto,_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC05290.jpg tree].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra,_Tatsuno,_Hyogo_Prefecture,_Japan_SA310003.jpg fruiting branch].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg male flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg female flowers].

== Photos ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/%E6%A5%8A%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%84%E6%A0%AA_Myrica_rubra_male_20211212070230_05.jpg Male flowers]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%E6%A5%8A%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%8C%E6%A0%AA_Myrica_rubra_female_20211212070230_01.jpg Female flowers]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T16:56:56Z

172.22.0.1: Add distinct plant photos and Wikipedia-style Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg Kadsura leaves and fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Kadsura_coccinea.jpg Kadsura vine and foliage]

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg Kadsura fruit]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

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== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg leaves and fruits].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea.jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_and_salacca_zalacca_fruits.jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg fruit product].

== Photos ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Blacktiger_resurrectionlily_medicinal_wine.jpg Kadsura fruit product]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T16:56:56Z

172.22.0.1: Add distinct plant photos and Wikipedia-style Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Nanche.jpg Nance fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Byrsonima_crassifolia_%287554340816%29.jpg Nance plant and foliage]

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Byrsonima_crassifolia%28Fruto%29.jpg Nance fruit]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia_(7554340816).jpg plant and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_crassifolia(Fruto).jpg fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_(nance).jpg foliage].

== Photos ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Byrsonima_Crassifolia-Malphigiaceae.JPG Nance flowers]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Malpighiaceae-_Byrsonima_crassifolia_%28nance%29.jpg Nance foliage]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]

Passiflora edulis

2026-08-03T16:56:56Z

172.22.0.1: Add distinct plant photos and Wikipedia-style Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Passionfruit (''Passiflora edulis'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg Passionfruit and cross-section image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims
|-
! Genus
| [[Passiflora]]
|-
! Family
| [[Passifloraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen or semi-evergreen tendril vine
|-
! Native range
| Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina
|-
! Native biome
| Warm tropical and subtropical forest margins
|-
! Mature height
| Up to about 9 m when supported
|-
! Soil
| Fertile, well drained, slightly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| Large, white and purple, distinctive corona
|-
! Fruit
| Round to oval berry, purple or yellow at maturity
|-
! Propagation
| Seed, cuttings, and grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Fallen or fully colored fruit, depending on market use
|}

'''Passionfruit''' (''Passiflora edulis'') is a fast-growing fruit vine in the genus [[Passiflora]], family [[Passifloraceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. The purple form and the yellow-fruited form traditionally treated as ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa'' are cultivated for aromatic pulp surrounding numerous edible seeds.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant is a vigorous vine that climbs by means of tendrils and can cover a substantial trellis. Leaves are alternate and usually three-lobed, with glossy upper surfaces. The flowers are large and conspicuous, with white petals and sepals surrounding a purple, white, and green corona. The central reproductive column is prominent, with five anthers and three stigmas.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Passiflora_edulis_%2884060%29.jpg Passionfruit vine and foliage]

The fruit is a berry, round to oval, with a tough rind that is purple, reddish purple, or yellow at maturity. Inside is aromatic orange to yellow pulp containing many black or brown seeds. Purple passionfruit is commonly more acidic; yellow forms are often larger and more vigorous, though flavor varies among selections and growing conditions.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native to southern South America, especially Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It grows best where summers are warm, sunlight is abundant, and the root zone remains moist but aerated. Frost damages shoots and can kill young plants, while extreme heat can reduce flower fertility without shade or irrigation.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use deep, fertile, well-drained soil with generous organic matter. A slightly acidic to neutral soil is suitable. Passionfruit is intolerant of stagnant water, so install drainage before planting in heavy ground. A sturdy trellis, arbor, or fence is essential; keep the crown and main stems above wet mulch and allow air movement through the canopy.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed after removing most of the surrounding pulp. Germination is usually best with warm conditions and a porous medium. Seedlings vary in vigor, fruit quality, and disease tolerance. Hardwood or semi-ripe cuttings can preserve a selected plant, and grafting is used where resistant rootstocks are available, particularly in areas with soil-borne disease. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced on current growth, and pruning stimulates new shoots that can carry flowers and fruit. The main flowering season varies with latitude and rainfall; in warm climates flowering may continue for much of the growing season. Pollination is commonly improved by large bees, and hand pollination can increase fruit set where natural pollinators are scarce.

Harvest purple fruit after it colors and begins to wrinkle or fall. Yellow fruit is commonly picked when fully colored and mature, before excessive ground contact. Harvest calendars differ by region; a universal month-by-month season: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg Open passionfruit]

The aromatic pulp is eaten fresh, strained for juice, or used in syrups, desserts, sauces, preserves, and fermented drinks. The seeds are edible and contribute texture. Purple and yellow forms can be used similarly, but acidity, aroma, rind thickness, and pulp yield are selection-dependent.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Passionfruit is affected by fungal, viral, nematode, and insect problems, with the most important disorders varying by production region. Use clean planting material, remove diseased vines, avoid planting into exhausted passionfruit soil, and maintain airflow. A single universal pest schedule: N/A.

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== Cultivars and selections ==

The principal horticultural groups are purple-fruited ''P. edulis'' and yellow-fruited material traditionally called ''P. edulis'' f. ''flavicarpa''. Commercial selections also differ in self-compatibility, fruit size, acidity, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. Local cultivar names should be recorded with region and parentage when known.

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== Container growing ==

A large container can support a passionfruit vine if it has a strong trellis and excellent drainage. Use a fertile mix, feed during active growth, and prune annually after the main crop. Containers dry quickly in warm weather; check the root zone frequently, but do not leave the pot standing in water.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Grow against a warm, sunny wall and protect the crown from frost.
* Use grafted plants when root-knot nematodes or other soil problems are common.
* Prune to renew fruiting wood without removing the main structural stems.
* Hand-pollinate flowers when bee activity is low.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Passionfruit.htm Growables: Passionfruit, ''Passiflora edulis'']. Plant habit, flowers, fruit, varieties, cultivation, pollination, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321964-2 Plants of the World Online: ''Passiflora edulis'' Sims]. Accepted name and taxonomy.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passionfruit_and_cross_section.jpg fruit and cross section].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_(84060).jpg vine and foliage].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_Edulis_Open_Fruit2.jpg open fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg flowers]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg yellow form].

== Photos ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flowers_of_Passiflora_edulis.jpg Passionfruit flowers]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Passiflora_edulis_forma_flavicarpa.jpg Yellow passionfruit]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Passiflora]]
[[Category:South American plants]]

Solanum quitoense

2026-08-03T16:56:56Z

172.22.0.1: Add distinct plant photos and Wikipedia-style Photos section

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Naranjilla / lulo (''Solanum quitoense'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_%28lulillo%2C_naranjilla%29.jpg Naranjilla fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.
|-
! Genus
| [[Solanum]]
|-
! Family
| [[Solanaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Solanales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Perennial shrub, often short-lived in cultivation
|-
! Native range
| Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; Galápagos
|-
! Native biome
| Humid and seasonally dry tropical uplands
|-
! Mature height
| About 2 to 2.5 m
|-
! Soil
| Rich, organic, well drained; mildly acidic to neutral
|-
! Flowers
| White to cream, often purple-hairy outside
|-
! Fruit
| Orange, aromatic berry with green, juicy pulp
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting used for selected plants
|-
! Harvest
| When fruit turns orange and separates readily from the plant
|}

'''Naranjilla''' or '''lulo''' (''Solanum quitoense'') is an Andean fruit shrub in the genus [[Solanum]], family [[Solanaceae]], and order [[Solanales]]. It is grown for its aromatic orange berries, whose green pulp is commonly blended into juice. Colombia commonly calls the fruit ''lulo'', while Ecuador uses ''naranjilla''.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Solanum quitoense'' is a spreading, herbaceous to somewhat woody shrub that can reach about 2 to 2.5 m. The large leaves are soft and velvety, commonly heart-shaped or broadly ovate, with purple coloration or veins on some forms. The stems and leaves may carry conspicuous hairs, and some plants have prickles. Flowers are creamy to white, with hairy purple coloration on the outer surfaces of the buds and calyx.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Solanum_quitoense_%28plant_and_fruits%29_in_Costa_Rica.jpg Naranjilla plant with fruits]

The fruit is a round berry, generally up to about 6 cm across. The skin changes from green to orange as it ripens, while the pulp remains green, juicy, and aromatic, containing numerous small seeds. Fruit commonly develops in clusters of several berries.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The species is native from Costa Rica through Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, with the Galápagos also included in the accepted range. It is associated with tropical uplands and can be cultivated in warm subtropical conditions, but frost is damaging. Plants perform best with bright light and protection from strong wind; light shade can be useful in hot lowland climates.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

Use a fertile, organic soil that drains freely but does not dry rapidly. A loam amended with compost and coarse material is preferable to compacted clay. Maintain even moisture during active growth, while avoiding prolonged saturation around the roots. A mildly acidic to neutral reaction is suitable; the species can tolerate a wider range when drainage and organic matter are good.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Fresh seed is the usual propagation method. Clean the pulp from the seed, sow in a sterile, free-draining medium, and keep warm and evenly moist. Seedlings are genetically variable and may differ in fruit quality, spine expression, vigor, and disease tolerance. Selected plants can also be maintained by vegetative methods, including cuttings or grafting onto compatible Solanum rootstocks, but the method and rootstock should be matched to the cultivar and local disease pressure.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering and fruiting depend strongly on elevation, temperature, rainfall, and pruning. Harvest the berries when the skin has turned orange and the fruit detaches with little force. Handle ripe fruit carefully because the thin skin and soft pulp deteriorate quickly. In climates with a pronounced cool or dry period, the main crop may be seasonal; exact harvest timing: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg Lulo fruit]

The green pulp has a sharp, aromatic flavor and is most often strained or blended with water and sugar as lulo or naranjilla juice. It is also used in frozen desserts, sauces, preserves, and mixed drinks. The fruit is usually processed soon after harvest because its shelf life at room temperature is short.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Root-knot nematodes are a serious production problem in some soils. Choose clean planting material, rotate away from heavily infested Solanaceae beds, improve drainage, and remove declining plants. Disease pressure varies by region; a species-specific pest schedule: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Commercial and local selections differ in spine expression, fruit color, plant architecture, and tolerance of nematodes or other soil problems. The thornless or less-prickly types are often preferred for handling, but cultivar names and performance are regional; a globally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

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== Container growing ==

Grow naranjilla in a large container with a rich but sharply draining mix. Provide morning sun or bright filtered light in hot climates, water when the upper layer begins to dry, and protect the plant from frost and drying wind. Replace or sterilize exhausted potting mix before replanting because soil pests can build up quickly.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive and move containers under cover before cold weather.
* In hot lowland areas, use afternoon shade and maintain steady root-zone moisture.
* Keep the crown dry enough to avoid waterlogging while preventing severe drought stress.
* Record flowering, fruit size, nematode pressure, and winter minimums for each selection.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/Naranjilla.htm Growables: Naranjilla, ''Solanum quitoense'']. Plant habit, fruit, uses, soil, hardiness, propagation, and production notes.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820696-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Solanum quitoense'' Lam.]. Accepted name, range, and biome.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanaceae-_Solanum_quitoense_(lulillo,_naranjilla).jpg fruit].
* Description: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_(plant_and_fruits)_in_Costa_Rica.jpg plant with fruits].
* Fruit and uses: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lulo_-_Solanum_quitoense.jpg lulo fruit].
* Photos: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg flower]; [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense,_the_Naranjillo_(11396994756).jpg foliage and fruit].

== Photos ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Solanum_quitoense_-_flor_de_lulo_o_naranjilla.jpg Naranjilla flower]
* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Solanum_quitoense%2C_the_Naranjillo_%2811396994756%29.jpg Naranjilla foliage and fruit]

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit shrubs]]
[[Category:Solanum]]
[[Category:Andean plants]]

Myrica rubra

2026-08-03T16:48:09Z

172.22.0.1: Use visible Wikimedia links compatible with local renderer

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Yangmei (''Myrica rubra'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Morella_rubra_%28fruits%29.jpg Yangmei fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.
|-
! Synonym
| ''Morella rubra'' Lour.
|-
! Genus
| [[Myrica]]
|-
! Family
| [[Myricaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Fagales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen shrub or tree
|-
! Native range
| Southern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines
|-
! Native biome
| Warm temperate to subtropical forest and mountain valleys
|-
! Mature height
| About 10 to 20 m in tree form
|-
! Soil
| Moist, well drained, preferably acidic or lime-free
|-
! Flowers
| Small unisexual flowers; plants generally dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red, purple, or white knobbly drupe-like fruit
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, cuttings, layering, grafting
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly May to June in China
|}

'''Yangmei''' (''Myrica rubra''), also called Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, waxberry, or yumberry, is an evergreen fruit tree in the genus [[Myrica]], family [[Myricaceae]], and order [[Fagales]]. Kew currently treats ''Myrica rubra'' as the accepted name; ''Morella rubra'' is a widely encountered synonym.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

''Myrica rubra'' is an evergreen shrub or tree that can reach about 10 to 20 m, with a rounded crown and smooth gray bark. Leaves are leathery, dark green, and elliptic to lanceolate, with serration commonly concentrated toward the upper margin. The species is generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, and is wind-pollinated.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is round, typically 1.5 to 2.5 cm across, with a knobbly surface formed by fleshy papillae. Color ranges from white through pink and red to deep purple. The single central seed is relatively large, and the flesh is juicy, aromatic, sweet, and tart. Fruit quality varies among cultivars and seedlings.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Yangmei is native to eastern Asia, including southern and southeastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. In China it is strongly associated with warm, humid regions south of the Yangtze, including mountain slopes and valleys. Flowering in China is commonly reported in March and April, followed by fruit development in May and June.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree prefers moist but well-drained soil and tolerates poor acidic ground. Use a lime-free loam or sandy loam where possible, with organic matter and reliable summer moisture. It can grow in sun or light shade, but fruit production requires adequate light. Avoid alkaline, compacted, or permanently wet soil. The species forms root nodules with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, so excessive nitrogen fertilization is unnecessary.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed as soon as it is ripe and barely cover it. Stored seed may germinate more reliably after a period of cold stratification, but seed should not be allowed to dry severely. Seedlings are variable and may be male or female, so grafting, layering, or cuttings are preferable for preserving a productive female selection. Exact cultivar-specific rooting percentages: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Male and female trees are needed for fruit production when plants are dioecious. Wind carries pollen between trees. In China, flowering is commonly March to April and fruit ripens from May to June, although local elevation and climate shift the calendar. Fruit should be harvested at full color and handled promptly because it softens and deteriorates quickly.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The fruit can be picked from the tree at a firm mature stage for transport or allowed to reach full eating quality immediately before sale. A single harvest calendar for all climates: N/A.

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Morella_rubra_%28fruits%29.jpg Yangmei fruit image]

Yangmei is eaten fresh and processed into juice, wine, syrup, preserves, and other products. Its strong color and sweet-tart flavor make it valuable for beverages and preserved fruit. Fresh fruit has a short shelf life, which is why rapid cooling, careful packing, and local processing are important.<sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Chinese production includes many named or locally selected types that differ in fruit color, size, acidity, sweetness, seed size, and harvest date. A complete internationally standardized cultivar list: N/A. Plant sex and regional adaptation should be recorded when acquiring material.

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== Container growing ==

Young plants can be maintained in large containers with acidic, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Keep the root zone evenly moist and protect the plant from alkaline irrigation water. Container culture is especially useful where winter frost is occasional, but a male pollinizer may still be required for a female tree.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the tree as frost-sensitive in climates colder than its established warm-temperate range.
* Protect young roots from winter wet and cold using a raised, free-draining planting site.
* Test irrigation water if the local supply is alkaline.
* Plant compatible male and female trees or use a grafted tree known to carry both sexes.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:585602-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Myrica rubra'' (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc.]. Accepted name and synonymy.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_rubra ''Myrica rubra'']. Description, flowering and fruiting calendar, range, and common names; references linked from the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Morella+rubra Useful Tropical Plants: ''Morella rubra'']. Habitat, cultivation, soil, propagation, fruit, and uses.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg Wikimedia Commons, ''Morella rubra'' fruits].
* Inline fruit image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morella_rubra_(fruits).jpg Wikimedia Commons].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Myrica]]
[[Category:Myricaceae]]

Kadsura coccinea

2026-08-03T16:47:04Z

172.22.0.1: Use visible Wikimedia links compatible with local renderer

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Kadsura / black tiger fruit (''Kadsura coccinea'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg Kadsura leaves and fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.
|-
! Genus
| [[Kadsura]]
|-
! Family
| [[Schisandraceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Austrobaileyales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Evergreen woody climber
|-
! Native range
| Southern China to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam
|-
! Native biome
| Subtropical forests, ravines, and hillside shrubland
|-
! Mature height
| N/A; climbing stems require support
|-
! Soil
| Moderately fertile, moist but well drained, neutral to acidic
|-
! Flowers
| Unisexual; plants may be monoecious or dioecious
|-
! Fruit
| Red to dark-purple aggregate, often 6 to 10 cm across
|-
! Propagation
| Fresh seed, semi-ripe cuttings, layering
|-
! Harvest
| Commonly July to November in native-range reports
|}

'''Kadsura coccinea''', commonly called black tiger fruit or Kadsura vine, is an evergreen woody climber in the genus [[Kadsura]], family [[Schisandraceae]], and order [[Austrobaileyales]]. It is native to subtropical parts of southern China and Indochina and is harvested locally for its large red to purple aggregate fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The plant has twining, woody stems and evergreen leaves. It grows as a forest climber, using surrounding vegetation or a trellis for support. Plants may be monoecious or dioecious, so fruit production can require both male and female plants when a dioecious population is being grown.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

The fruit is an unusually large aggregate made from many individual carpels. It is nearly spherical, red to purplish red or dark purple at maturity, and may reach 6 to 10 cm or more across. Individual fruit units remain visible across the surface, giving the ripe fruit a distinctive clustered appearance. The pulp is reported as sweet, but flavor and texture can vary among plants.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

The accepted range extends from southern China through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. It occurs in hillside slopes, ravines, semi-open shrubland, and forest, usually from about 400 to 1,400 m, with records from roughly 200 to 1,900 m. Plants of the World Online places it primarily in the subtropical biome.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

Provide a sheltered position with partial shade or filtered sun, especially while young. The native habitat suggests a moist growing season and good atmospheric humidity, but the root zone should still drain freely. Use moderately fertile soil with a neutral to acidic reaction. A trellis, pergola, or strong tree support is necessary for reliable growth and access to fruit.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Sow fresh seed in a shaded nursery bed and keep it evenly moist. Semi-ripe cuttings and layering are also reported. A Chinese propagation patent describes annual semi-ripe cuttings rooted in a sand, vermiculite, and plant-ash medium after rooting-agent treatment; that protocol is a specialized trial rather than a universal cultivar recommendation.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-4|[4]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowering is reported from approximately April or May through July, with fruit development extending into autumn. The Flora of China treatment records red to purplish-red fruit and a fruiting period commonly extending from October to December; other sources report July to November. Use the local flowering and color change rather than a fixed calendar as the harvest guide.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

If plants are dioecious, maintain a compatible male near female plants. Fruit should be allowed to color fully before harvest. Exact days from flowering to ripe fruit: N/A.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg Kadsura leaves and fruit image]

The ripe aggregate fruit is eaten raw or cooked and is locally valued as a food. The species is also used in traditional medicine, especially roots and stems, but medicinal claims should not be treated as cultivation or safety guidance. The fruit's size and vivid color make it a notable specimen for subtropical fruit collections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Pests and diseases ==

N/A

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Cultivars and selections ==

Named cultivars and reliable clonal performance data: N/A. Record sex, flowering date, fruit size, color, and flavor for each plant because sex expression and fruit traits may differ among introductions.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Container growing ==

Use a deep container with an acidic, moisture-retentive but well-drained mix and install a trellis before the vine becomes large. Give bright filtered light, protect from drying wind, and avoid stagnant water. A container-grown plant may need hand pollination if flowers are produced on only one plant.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zone pushing ==

* Protect the vine from hard frost and drying winter winds.
* Provide partial shade in hot, dry climates and stronger light in cool, humid climates.
* Grow male and female plants together unless the individual is known to be monoecious.
* Keep a seasonal record of flower sex, pollination, fruit color, and winter damage.

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Kadsura%20coccinea Useful Tropical Plants: ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Range, habitat, habit, fruit, cultivation, sex expression, edible uses, and propagation.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/554572-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Kadsura coccinea'' (Lem.) A.C.Sm.]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9476688/ Kadsura coccinea: A rich source of structurally diverse and biologically important lignans and triterpenoids]. Flowering, fruiting, and aggregate-fruit description.</li>
<li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] [https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105409547A/en CN105409547A: Cutting propagation method for ''Kadsura coccinea'']. Specialized semi-ripe cutting protocol.</li>
</ol>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Image credits ==

* Summary image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg Wikimedia Commons, ''Kadsura coccinea'' leaves and fruits].
* Inline fruit image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kadsura_coccinea_leaves_and_fruits.jpg Wikimedia Commons].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit vines]]
[[Category:Kadsura]]
[[Category:Schisandraceae]]

Byrsonima crassifolia

2026-08-03T16:47:04Z

172.22.0.1: Use visible Wikimedia links compatible with local renderer

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 320px; margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #e8e8e8;" | Nance (''Byrsonima crassifolia'')
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Nanche.jpg Nance fruit image]
|-
! Scientific name
| ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth
|-
! Genus
| [[Byrsonima]]
|-
! Family
| [[Malpighiaceae]]
|-
! Order
| [[Malpighiales]]
|-
! Growth form
| Slow-growing shrub or small tree
|-
! Native range
| Mexico to tropical South America and the Caribbean
|-
! Native biome
| Savanna, open woodland, and seasonally dry tropical vegetation
|-
! Mature height
| Usually 3 to 10 m; sometimes taller
|-
! Soil
| Adaptable; sandy, acidic, low-fertility soils if well drained
|-
! Flowers
| Small yellow flowers in terminal racemes
|-
! Fruit
| Yellow to orange drupe, strongly aromatic
|-
! Propagation
| Seed; cuttings and grafting for selected material
|-
! Harvest
| At yellow maturity or natural abscission, commonly in the wet-season transition
|}

'''Nance''' (''Byrsonima crassifolia'') is a fruiting shrub or small tree in the genus [[Byrsonima]], family [[Malpighiaceae]], and order [[Malpighiales]]. It is known by regional names including nanche, nanche amarillo, nancite, changunga, murici, and golden spoon. The small yellow fruit is strongly scented and may be sweet, sour, or bittersweet depending on selection and maturity.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

== Description ==

The species is a slow-growing shrub or tree, commonly 3 to 10 m tall, with leathery opposite leaves and terminal clusters of small yellow flowers. It occurs as scattered trees or dense stands in open pine woodland, savanna, coastal vegetation, and other seasonally dry tropical habitats. The crown can be rounded, and mature bark may become dark and fissured.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>

The fruit is a small round drupe, commonly about 1 to 2 cm across. The peel is usually yellow at maturity but may become orange or reddish in some selections. The pulp is soft and aromatic, surrounding a hard stone. Flavor ranges from sweet to distinctly sour, and fruit quality varies substantially among wild trees and regional selections.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Climate and site ==

Nance is native from Mexico through Central America into northern and central South America, with populations in the Caribbean. It is associated with seasonally dry tropical climates and can tolerate drought once established. In its native range, fruiting often follows flowering during the transition into the rainy season; exact timing varies by locality.<sup>[[#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>

The tree tolerates sandy, acidic, and relatively infertile soils, but cultivated plants still benefit from good drainage, organic matter, and adequate moisture during flowering and fruit enlargement. It can grow in loam or clay loam if the soil does not remain saturated. Full sun promotes compact growth and fruit production. Avoid treating drought tolerance as tolerance of permanently waterlogged roots.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Propagation ==

Seed is the most documented method, but nance seeds are recalcitrant and lose viability during storage. Sow fresh, cleaned stones in a warm, porous medium. Seedlings may differ in sweetness, acidity, fruit size, and yield, so clonal propagation is preferable when a superior tree has been identified. Cuttings, layering, and grafting have been studied, but success depends on clone, season, and technique.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Flowering, fruiting and harvest ==

Flowers are produced in terminal racemes and are visited by bees, including oil-collecting and other native bee species. Fruit development and harvest timing vary with rainfall and locality. In parts of Mexico and Central America, the main harvest is associated with late spring and the beginning of the rainy season.

Fruits may be collected when yellow and fully developed or after natural abscission. Fully ripe fallen fruit is highly perishable; under ambient conditions it may last less than five days. Harvesting at a yellow-green stage and cooling promptly can extend usable life. A single harvest month for all regions: N/A.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Fruit and uses ==

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Nanche.jpg Nance fruit image]

Nance is eaten fresh and is processed into drinks, pulps, syrups, jams, jellies, ice cream flavorings, fermented beverages, and regional sweets. The fruit's strong aroma and variable sweet-sour flavor are central to its culinary use. Pulp, peel, and stone should be handled separately when preparing processed products because the stone is hard and the fruit softens rapidly.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Pests and diseases ==

Recorded problems include fruit flies, flower and fruit attacks by other insects, mites, and fungal diseases affecting leaves or fruit. Regional pest pressure differs, and a universal treatment schedule: N/A. Sanitation, removal of damaged fruit, airflow, and clean nursery stock are useful baseline measures.<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>

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== Cultivars and selections ==

Nance is still represented by many wild, backyard, and locally selected trees. Documented selections differ in fruit color, pulp yield, acidity, sweetness, and harvest behavior. A universally standardized cultivar list: N/A.

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== Container growing ==

Young nance trees can be grown in large containers with a mineral, well-drained mix. Provide full sun, water during active growth, and allow the surface to dry slightly between irrigations. Container plants should be shifted gradually into larger pots and protected from prolonged cool, wet conditions.

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== Zone pushing ==

* Treat the plant as frost-sensitive outside warm subtropical climates.
* Use raised beds or coarse amendments where winter rainfall combines with heavy soil.
* Keep fresh seed moist and sow it promptly rather than storing it dry.
* Record fruit flavor, color, harvest stage, and tree origin when selecting seedlings.

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== References ==

<ol>
<li id="cite_note-1">[[#cite_ref-1|↑]] [https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/fhort-2023-0005 San-Martín-Hernández et al., ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' L. Kunth a bio-resource with potential]. Fruit biology, harvest, propagation, soils, cultivation, pests, and uses.</li>
<li id="cite_note-2">[[#cite_ref-2|↑]] [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:556033-1 Plants of the World Online: ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' (L.) Kunth]. Accepted name, range, life form, and biome.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3">[[#cite_ref-3|↑]] [https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/newcrop/1493.html Purdue NewCROP: Nance]. Traditional fruit and plant-use information.</li>
</ol>

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== Image credits ==

* Summary image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg Wikimedia Commons, ''Byrsonima crassifolia'' fruit].
* Inline fruit image: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nanche.jpg Wikimedia Commons].

[[Category:Fruits]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit trees]]
[[Category:Byrsonima]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican plants]]